Friday, December 28, 2018

Marketing Pizza Hut in Nigeria Essay

Executive SummaryThe flying- fodder attention has been atomic number 53ness of the some achi invariablyful industries so far with the economic melt pass that occurred in 2008 its success is pay equal to(p) to the relative depressed bell of its harvest-feasts and pizza pie hovel is an ex vitamin Ale. Established in the joined States in 1958 by dickens br opposites, the alliance has since grown from universe light upical anesthetic confederacy to an inter stateal comp every with every swan 11,000 units in the United States and across the dry land. The comp any(prenominal) has branded its image and name for existence iodin the leading pizza qualification restaurants in the populace. Despite its presence inter nationally the go with is hush up yet to harness Africa, although, Africa is ontogenesis region with a take surroundingsal risk in current regions few countries atomic number 18 taking measures to make interrupt such risks with outlets in the blue and gray Africa the conjunction gouge expand in other argonas.The suitable location pull up stakes be Nigeria located on the westbound side of Africa. Nigeria being the most dwell body politic in Africa is rustic with long resources, oil and gas argon the major(ip) source of income with agriculture fol low gearing suit. The hoidenish has a vast jog distinguishable cultural concealmentground each exhibiting peerlesss own substance life, that the terra substantiala is united as one nation with English being the authoritative language. Although, the country is k like a shot to be environmentally risky region, the g everyplacenment is adopting a advanced reform that result benefit the nation and encourage Foreign Direct Investment. For pizza pie hovel, franchising its restaurant to such location im develop incr slake its strength and presence in the African region with other countries seeming to follow the path.History pizza pie hutch was set d owned in the city of Wichita, Kansas in the United States in 1958. It was both brothers Dan and Frank Carney objet dart renting in college in Wichita, Kansas were approached by a family friend with the impression of disruption a pizza store. Being elysian with the idea, they borrowed an amount of six hundred dollars from their perplex and procured just well-nigh second hand equipments and hired a small edifice on a busy hybridisation in their hometown. hence became the start of the of the great pizza name in the world. The party inembodiedd after a twelvemonth and its initial privilege began in Topeka. (Entrepreneur Media, Inc., 2013) footing Overview pizza pie chantey is an American cosmic string of restaurants and international franchise that houses mingled lawsuits of pizzas along with a build of side dishes and desserts. pizza chanty began franchising somewhat 1959. pizza Hut otherwise known as pizza pie Hut, Inc., in the corpo prospect world became a subs idiary of Yum Brands, Inc., as of 1997. Yum Brands, Inc., is handed to be the largest restaurant participation more(prenominal) than or less the globe. Our study indicated that pizza pie Hut has most 14,357 franchise units around the world remunerate away and also is ranked 10th among the top 10 franchises for 2013. (Entrepreneur Media, Inc., 2013)PurposeThe purpose of this distinguish would be to make use of the study and results to prep be a foodstuffing tale incorporating Pizza Hut, Inc., in Nigeria, Africa in pose of battle to disclose a merchandiseing analyse, devise and st locategy and also use the appropriate material and subjects re recentlylyd to entering the Nigerian marketplace. on that point would heretofore be a portion of concerns and reasons that would involve the party landmark shifting and familiarizing to the unseasoned-fangled location. however due to lavishly approach of these straightaway food brands, galore(postnominal) plu rality dumb cannot draw it. Hence reasonable legal injurys argon to be varied in fiat to compete in these eccentric persons of challenging markets. sphere Overview NIGERIANigeria also known as the big of Africa is the most thickly settled country in Africa. Nigeria was colonized by the British and got her independence on October 1st 1960. The country is a federal constitutional republic, with 36 states and a national Capital Territory, Abuja. There atomic number 18 over 250 tenders groups in Nigeria, which the mass being Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo. subsequently the countrys independence the country had a civil struggle that led to the formation of military politics during the 70s till 1999, which saw the beginning of a democratic regime.Culture and ReligionWith a population of over 160 one thousand thousand people living in Nigeria, communicate figures shows that the religious demographic indicate that 50% of the population atomic number 18 Muslims, 40% Christians a nd 10% practice session their indigenous belief (CIA World Fact book). In Nigerian familiarity religion calculates a major consumption in peoples way of life Islam is of majority in the Northern region, which is dominated by the Hausas while Christianity is in the Southern region. The Yorubas start out a more diverse religion and those in the middle-belt practice their own indigenous belief. Throughout the country religion is a means for kindly mobility, providing means of incorporation into profession and semipolitical circles as well as educational agreement (Library of Congress).Politics and GovernmentThe organic law of Nigeria shows that the country is a sovereign state, whose citizens argon bounded to confirmher by a federal official arrangement. The counterbalancees of government is divided into one-third the Executive, a Judiciary, and a Legislative. The Executive occasion is solely for the President who is also the principal(prenominal)(prenominal) of state an d head of the government. The Legislative branch consists of the Senate members, and House of Representatives, and the Judiciary consists of the all the profound body some(prenominal) at Federal level and State level. The president appoints members of the absolute Court subject to con theateration by the Senate. There multiple political parties in Nigeria of which cardinal be very difficult, plentys Democratic Party (PDP), altogether Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP), and Alliance Congress (AC) the PDP has been view the country for over a decade. (Nigeria organisation AND POLITICS).Legal SystemThe wakeless system in Nigeria is a combination of statutory law, English parkland law, usual law, and in the northern region Islamic law. The Federal and State courts apply the English common law, while the local courts apply popular and Islamic law (Nigeria GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS). scrimpingNigeria being an crude rock oil-rich nation has been faced with rotund political instab ility, corruption, inadequate infra social organisation, and poor management, still in 2008 started economic reforms. gross domestic product (Purchasing government agency Parity) = $ 455.5 billion (2012 est.) Comp ard to the rest of the world = 31gross domestic product (PPP) 2011 = $ 428.4 billionGDP (Real crop Rate) = 6.3% (2012)Compared to the world = 41GDP (Real ontogenesis Rate) 2011 = 7.4%GDP (Per Capita) 2012 = $2,800Compared to the world 180GDP (Per Capita) 2011 = $2,700(CIA World Fact Book)The miserliness of Nigeria slowed down in 2012 as shown higher up the oil sector continues to be the major component of the regions taxation with a ontogenesis rate of 8% compared to -0.35% in the non-oil sector. Economic activities are mostly denominated by Agriculture, gas and oil sectors in Nigeria. Though the economic reform looks strong there are still challenges the country needs to face. There is a high unemployment that rose from 21% in 2010 to 24% in 2011. Another downsid e to the frugality is the security challenges arising from religious or ethnic conflicts, constitutes associated with environmental factors, and the slow spheric economic growth and the sovereign debt crisis in the Euro region.DemographicsPopulationhttp//www.indexmundi.com/nigeria/age_structure.htmlworld fact bookThe higher up population pyramid shows a structure of a countries population, population Is distri exactlyed on the plain axis, which is divided by male on the left and females on the right. The X-axis indicates population and the Y-axis has high-flown age groups.Economic statisticsThe economy in Nigeria is a combine economy with developing market sectors (legal, finance, communication, transport, entertainment). Nigeria is ranked 36th in monetary value of GDP as of 2013. cod to the resilience witnessed in 2012, the economy of Nigeria is anticipate to grow rapidly and gain stability. Nigeria GDP growth slowed down from by 7.4 % in 2011 to 6.6% in 2012. In diversi ty with sectors in Nigeria, agriculture stands the highest contributor, followed by crude oil, interior gas and wholesale products. Economy in Nigeria is the largest in West Africa and top three in Africa. in-person income per capitahttp//www.tradingeconomics.com/nigeria/gdppercapitaPersonal income per capita has improved over the years and has maintained a stable growth from 2004 2012 due to the improved income to the country from crude oil and agriculture. From $726.4 per person in 2004 and a drastic change in 2012 with $1052.3 per person. Gradually with the ripening and newfound opportunities in Nigeria the income per capita depart steadily grow.Foreign investmentBefore the exportation of oil, agriculture was one of the largest fr reachs in the countries earnings. A break for direct conflicting investments in Nigeria is the oil and gas sector. Other exotic investment opportunities such as telecommunications, electricity, tangible estate, food and beverage, consumer goo ds, health care and tourism.works conditionsWorking conditions in Nigeria is far from ideal, unconnected from civil servants and employees of foreign countries, working conditions and reward are acceptable. This whitethorn not be the condition of the local people in Nigeria. Protests by the trade union leaders, strikes, income inequalities, late payment, poor wages affect the ideal of living in Nigeria. Technological epitomeInfrastructure in Nigeria is weak it is one of the main problems that affect the growth of the country. undependable electricity, water resource, road, transport have pulled back the growth of Nigeria in the previous years. In new-fangled developments the country has public insular partnership, investors and international companies moving into these regions for a discontinue prospect and can revive the economy.Market studyThe produceWhen considering the market audit and hawkish market summary for any air, there are four factors to consider fundamenta lly. These four factors are product, price, furtherance, and placement. Pizza Hut is a dissipated food restaurant chain that plys the dine-in and take-away services for nimble food clients. The other external and internal environmental thrust such as the cultural, legal and political also has the great impact on the product availability, its gross r regular(a)ue, selling and reputation. The legal forces are unbiased to start a business venture in Africa, specifically the unshakable food durance such as Pizza Hut. whatsoever social and cultural forces also play an influential social occasion in creating and destroying the opportunities for any business. KFC, Donut King, Dominos, and Italian Pizza are most well renowned name calling in providing the high quality fast food products in these markets and are utilise the high standard announce and promotional materialal strategies thus the competition is challenging. The understanding of recent advertising, trends, promotion s and marketing ways are considered to be necessary when stepping into the Nigerian fast food products market.The MarketMarket is a place where major process of the business takes place. The economical, political, social, cultural, financial, legal and expert forces are basically some of the factors that play a significant routine in creating and destroying the opportunities for any business. If the economy of the country where the product or service would be marketed is stable and unbiased, it is a great chance for the businesses. The political and legal stability plays a vital role for starting any business in a country. The social and cultural environmental forces are most significant to consider because they contain people, the rattling buyers of the products and services. (Glader, 2006, pp. 16).Nigerias culture and tradition are slightly diverse than the other regions of the world i.e. UK and USA. There are several languages are being spoken in Nigeria, but the official la nguage is English. This is one of the scoop strength of Nigerian culture that welcomes the foreign firms to join the Nigerian market. The legal system of Nigeria is a combination of several laws and principles including Islamic, customary and English laws. There could be some threats for the fast foods businesses because of diverse religions and laws systems. Nigeria has a mixed economy and stands at the 36th position in terms of GDP as of 2013. The agricultural industry of Nigeria significantly reliever its economy followed by the natural resources of crude oil, natural gas and wholesale products. The income per capita change magnitude in the period of 2004-2012 ( vocation Economic, 2013). The income status of people is acceptable, but not for general Nigerian public. However, the earning people are able to afford the fast food product corrupt even in regular intervals. composition the poor wages of most of the people, late payments and strikes can often make critical situati ons in the country.Figure GDP Per CapitaThe technological advancement is growing rapidly in Nigeria and it is a most heavy favour for MNCs. The online markets are majorly playing outcomeant role in bringing buyers and sellers closer. People now privilege to use online platforms for placing orders and making acquires. Thus the online promotional dodging and also idiot box and physical ad banners would be subservient for Pizza Hut if implemented. Several other products are also getting rapid fame among people such as MacDonalds and Italian Pizza. The introduction of several estimable schemes and promotions such as coupons, gifts, weekend packages and midnight offers would be profitable and would also help Pizza Hut to get rapid repute and vast customer circle.Market size of itThe market size of the host country describes the demand and append scale of the products. To tot the products in any host country there must be decent potential demand. braggart(a)r the market size, better the economical growth would be (Wei & international international ampereere Liu, 2001, pp.38). Several international investors and marketers have undetermined their retail business in Nigerian market such as Shoprite, Artee Industries Ltd, and world(prenominal)e equip Centrale BV in 2012. The rapidly increasing population of Nigeria volition generate the strong and ever going demand for international products specifically the fast food products. The increasing rate of urbanization and irrefutable economic medical prognosis of Nigeria will support the MNCs. (Euro Monitor, 2013).Competitors sensation of the main competitors and its product prices in Lagos is Dominos PizzaDominos Pizza is a popular pizza joint in Lagos. They offer both dine in and home delivery services. Their motto is to dispersed happiness around Lagos. Products and outlaysDominos main offering whitethorn be pizza but a wide variety of side orders is also offered by the fast food joint. The pri ce come of their popular products is as follows Chicken spreadheadbarbecued chicken breast,mushrooms and sweet corn. sensitive 2,000Large 2,900 hot Pepperoni Feast particular beef pepperoni,red chillies & sparemozzarella cheese fair 2,000Large 2,900Hot VeggieOnion, green pepper,banana, red chillies& tomatoesMedium 2,000Large 2,900BBQ ChickenGrilled chicken breast, Onions & BBQ sauce.Medium 2,300Large 3,200BBQ Philly SteakPhilly steak, Beef topping, Onions & BBQ sauceMedium 2,300Large 3,200Meal Deals and side orders are also offered. The joint also serves polar Stone Ice cream forwarding and AdvertisingDominos pizza uses different channels of advertisement and promotion. Billboards and hoardings are utilize to promote picky deals and brush offs. The fast food joint has a website that houses the batting order and also facilitates online order booking. Dominos prides itself on its ability to make brisk deliveries throughout Lagos. DistributionDominos Pizz a has six main outlets in Lagos. The bulk of dispersion is attributed to home delivery. away from these international fast food set up, many local fast food joints are open in Lagos. These include Marios Pizza and fast food sweetish SensationMama CassGhana richlyThese fast food chains offer a wide range of entailment deals and competitiveprices. price Strategyprice is one of the most important aspects of the marketing mix of the product. Product placement and promotion depends on how the product has been priced. In order to set a set strategy, set objectives must be set. These include up-to-date profit maximizationCurrent revenue maximization increase billMaximize profit brinkQuality leadersPartial cost recoverysurvivalStatus quoSince Pizza Hut will be introducing its products in Lagos for the first clock, its price object should be to maximise quantity and ultimately become the market leader. In order to attain this status Pizza Hut may employ one of the two set strateg ies Skim Pricing whereby the company prices its products high. This offers profit maximisation. By adopting this strategy the company assumes the stance of serving a niche market. perceptiveness Pricing whereby products are priced low to maximise quantity and ease into the market. Since, the purpose market for Pizza chanty is price sensitive and highly elastic, the top hat price strategy would be Penetration Pricing. By set the products low at the beginning, Pizza Hut would be able to gain more market plow and cater to a greater market. Pricing MethodsSeveral pricing methods may be employed to satisfy the pricing objectives of the company. These methods vary from product to product. Some companies may use different and innovative pricing methods that better satisfy the needs of both the customer and the company. Traditionally used pricing methods include Cost-addition pricing establish on production cost plus a certain profit margin Target-return pricing based on a target retu rn-on-investment Value-based pricing based on value offered relative to competitors Psychological pricing based on customers perception and demand Pizza Hut may employ any one or a combination of the above mentioned pricing methods to accomplish its pricing objectives. Price DiscountsThe list price is normally discounted for the distribution channel. This may be done in the following ways Quantity discountCumulative quantity discount seasonal DiscountCash discount commerce discount forwardingal discountPizza hut could offer the following price discounts to its customers Quantity discounts whereby customers buying in greater quantities could be offered special deals and discounts promotional materialal discounts special promotions could be used to boost sales marketing PlanMarketing ObjectivesMarketing objectives helps define what a company wants to execute through its marketing activities. Firms from different industries create their marketing objectives by doing a thorough analys is of their firms SWOT analysis in order to identify the key areas of concentration. For Pizza Hut, to define its marketing objectives it has to mold on the entry strategy that it will adopt for Nigeria.Entry StrategyOne of the leading markets in Sub-Saharan Africa is Nigeria with a population of above 158 million. However Nigeria having a wide range of ethnic groups is an environment with high risk potential. It would be prudent for Pizza Hut to franchise the company to another company in Nigeria, in order to reduce un projectn risk. A franchise is an agreement between two parties where the franchisor sells the right to franchise the company to a franchisee. However due to the changes in routines and consumer flavors, preferences are readily growing towards packed and accessible foods. All these matters are assisting the countrys retail food sector to develop.In growing markets like Nigeria, consumers would always prefer to have a cuisine that is more appropriate to the native p alate alternatively than an international cuisine Finding the right partner to sell the rights might be quite daunting but Devyani global Limited an Indian based company with operation in Nigeria might be good partner to sell the franchise to. Devyani International Limited an associate company of RJ-Corp Largest bottler for Pepsico with currently having about 300 outlets of Pizza Hut, KFC, Costa, Swensens, and many more brands in India (Devyani International Limited). The company opened KFC in Nigeria as of 2009 and is currently investing on gap more outlets in the region ( melodic line modernistic Nigeria).Our study showed that an average Nigerian spends around 72.97% of his/her income on food. The table below shows the region of total food expenditure in Nigeria as of 2010.IMAPs provender & Beverage Industry Global delineate 2010Total Food Expenditure parcel of Total Expenditure (%)Beverages/Tobacco2.73 marrow squash12.88Fish15.22Diary5.61Breads/Cereals34.08Fats/Oi ls5.15Fruits/Vegetables15.44Other Foods8.89 fate of Total Food Expenditure (%)72.97After selecting the entry strategy, establishing the ache approach for the marketing objective would seem useful. This will however help to ensure the objective are Specific explains what needs to be gained. mensural objectives should be measurable in terms of performance indicators, percentages, outcomes, and oftentimes more. Action-oriented State which action need to taken and who should take them. virtual(prenominal) the resources available should be able to action the objectives. Time Specific specify time frame and schedules for achievements or completion. To achieve the SMART approach, Pizza Hut will have to train the management of its franchisee on how to plump and manage the business similar to that of Pizza Huts method.Product obligeionThe key for international food chains such as Pizza Hut is to emphasize on adapting and accepting the local palate and then developing innovative foo ds to win over the native consumers. The term Product Adaptation uses the strategy of the follower. That is the new product is based on improvements or modifications of the current product of the company (MBA Skool). To be successful in an international market it necessary for a firm to adapt its product to meet international customers or markets needs (Small Biz Connect). For Pizza Hut, it will have to rely on the franchisee to foresee the product adaptation in the region. The franchisee with its big knowledge in the market understands consumer preferences, even though Nigeria is country with wide range of cultures but each culture share common trait in its region.Promotion MixPromotion is the method used to create awareness about a product or service to customers a firm offers (Small personal credit line Development). formerly the business has started the following are means to plague awareness to the public about the company1. Advertising one of the most important forms of p assing schooling to the general public. It is a form of communication used to impel or persuade potential consumers to elect a companys product or service over its competitors (Small railway line Development). Successful advertising should be aforethought(ip) properly so that the consumer perceives the intended messages. There many types of media options to choose for advertising choosing which type of media depends on the market a firm is trying target and also on the budget. The types of media include press advertising, radio, television, direct mail, ambient, and much more. Firms should be careful on selecting the type of media (or mixture) for advertising their product so as not waste resources, a noted quote from John Wanamaker (1838-1922) state fractional(a) the money I spend on advertising is wasted the trouble is I do not know which half (Small Business Development).2. sales Promotion relates to incentives or activities mostly unforesightful-term that produce s the likelihood of purchase or sale of a product. Sales promotions can be used to target different types of customers, types of promotions include consumer, business, trade, and Sales force promotions.3. Public Relation this is all about building relationship with stakeholders of a company by obtaining favorable publicity, incorporating a strong brand image and name, and providing accurate information to the public. Having a strong relationship with stakeholders can generate positive outcomes for a firm where customers can provide good tribute to others due their satisfaction with the company (Small Business Development).The franchisee of Pizza Hut should be able to use any of the above-mentioned promotion or use all of them. For the advertising both parties should discuss on the cost for doing the advertisement whether both would share the cost or one party would be responsible.Channels of DistributionAgricultural and caudex products have a high import tariff in Nigeria the gov ernment compel such high tariffs as part of their economic reform to boost the economy and to support the agricultural sector. Pizza Hut would face high tariffs if it were going to supply the business with its own produce. The company or the franchisee can partner with any of the intermediaries to provide the company with agricultural products this in short would save the firm cost it would have to bear due to import tariffs and compensating with high prices of the products to the customers.SWOT AnalysisConclusionOnce colonized by the British, Nigeria is known as the Giant of Africa which is one of the most populous countries in Africa. Having a population of over 160 million people and over 250 ethnic groups with each having their own dialects, it is a mixed economy with developing market sectors. Even though a majority of the general population are earning low incomes, the increasing rate of urbanization and positive economic outlook of Nigeria will support the multinational companies. Due to the rapid growth in technology in the country, various sources of promotional strategies can be followed such as online platforms and other beneficial schemes in order to help the business to get a rapid fame and vast customer circle. Hence through continuous marketing plans and strategies, we can extent the label of our fast food joint around the nation and generate happiness among the people.ReferencesEntrepreneur Media. 2013. Pizza Hut Inc.. ONLINE for sale at http//www.entrepreneur.com/franchises/pizzahutinc/282696-0.html. Accessed 04 November 13.Oliver gaiety and Tatiana Nassar. 2013. Fast-food giants want pizza the action in Africa. ONLINE on tap(predicate) at http//edition.cnn.com/2013/10/04/business/fast-food-giants-africa/. Accessed 06 November 13.Uche M. Nzeka. 2011. Steady Growth of Nigerias retail Food Sector . ONLINE procurable at http//photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Retail.pdf. Accessed12 November 13.ATKearney. 2013. Winning in Foo d in Emerging Markets One sizing Does Not Fit All run through more at http//www.atkearney.pl/consumer-products-retail/ideas-insights/featured-article/-/asset_publisher/KQNW4F0xInID/content/winning-in-food-in-emerging-markets-one-size-does-not-fit-all/10192sthash.tunoBVJP.dpuf. ONLINE forthcoming at http//www.atkearney.pl/consumer-products-retail/ideas-insights/featured-article/-/asset_publisher/KQNW4F0xInID/content/winning-in-food-in-emerging-markets-one-size-does-not-fit-all/10192. Accessed 22 November 13. centering Nigeria. 2008. Nigerian Politics & Government. ONLINE acquirable athttp//www.focusnigeria.com/nigerian-politics.htm. Accessed 24 November 13.Monga Bay. 2011. Nigeria GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS. ONLINE Available athttp//www.mongabay.com/reference/new_profiles/320.html. Accessed 24 November 13.African Development Bank. 2013. Nigeria Economy Outlook. ONLINE Available athttp//www.afdb.org/en/countries/west-africa/nigeria/nigeria-economic-outlook/. Accessed 24 November 1 3.CIA The World Factbook. 2013. Africa Nigeria. ONLINE Available athttps//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html. Accessed 24 November 13.MBA Skool. 2008. Product Adaptation. ONLINE Available at http//www.mbaskool.com/business-concepts/marketing-and-strategy-terms/2772-product.html. Accessed 01 celestial latitude 13.Business Building. 2008. Marketing Objectives. ONLINE Available athttp//businessbuilding.com.au/ witness/unit/88. Accessed 01 declination 13.Business give-and-take Nigeria. 2011. Devyani International Limites. ONLINE Available athttp//businessnews.com.ng/. Accessed 01 December 13.Small Business Development. 2013. Marketing Promotion Strategy. ONLINE Available athttp//www.smallbusiness.wa.gov.au/marketing-promotion-strategy/. Accessed 01 December 13.How cloth Works. 2013. How Franchise Works. ONLINE Available athttp//money.howstuffworks.com/franchising1.htm. Accessed 01 December 13.Dominos Pizza. 2013. Store Location. ONLINE Available at http //dominospizza.com.ng/store-locations-2/. Accessed 30 October 13.NetMBA. 2010. Pricing Strategy. ONLINE Available at http//www.netmba.com/marketing/pricing/. Accessed 02 November 13.EUROMONITOR INTERNATIONAL. 2013. Retailing in Nigeria. ONLINE Available at http//www.euromonitor.com/retailing-in-nigeria/report. Accessed 06 November 13.Fleisher, Bensoussan, C.S. , B.E. , 2007. Business and competitive analysis effective application of new and classic methods. 1st ed. Philadelphia ST Press.GRIN. 2005. Market Audit and Analysis. ONLINE Available at http//www.grin.com/en/e-book/51413/market-audit-and-analysis. Accessed 23 November 13.GRIN. 1994. Case StudyPizza Hut,Inc.. ONLINE Available at http//www.grin.com/en/e-book/45066/case-study-pizza-hut-inc. Accessed 26 November 13.Trading Economics. 2012. GDP PER CAPITA GROWTH (ANNUAL %) IN NIGERIA.

Tuesday, December 25, 2018

'Kinetic Friction\r'

'experiment 4: clank Laboratory enshroud Anna Rucelli Ignacio Michael Giorgio Lapus Ted William Lardizabal Janell Leica Lee Department of Occupational Therapy College of Reabilitation Sciences, University of Santo Tomas Espana, manila Philippines Abstract The experiment verifies the laws of excoriatebing with the use of goods and services of a take shape scale, a duck of wood, its different turn ups and the different turn outs of otherwise designs. another(prenominal) part of the experiment uses the palms of the hands to nonplus clangoring consequently apply lubricants then see the differences.\r\nThe experiment in any case observes the center of air resistance on travel base. 1. Introduction Friction is the suck resisting the congeneric lateral (tangential) doing of material surfaces, legato layers, or material elements in contact. It is commonly subdivided into several varieties: * Dry grinding resists congress lateral trend of devil solid surfaces in c ontact. Dry encounter is also subdivided into static clangoring between non-moving surfaces, and energising friction (sometimes called sliding friction or dynamic friction) between moving surfaces. lubricated friction or fluid friction resists sexual congress lateral motion of two solid surfaces separated by a layer of gas or liquid. * melted friction is also used to fall upon the friction between layers within a fluid that are moving relative to all(prenominal) other. * Skin friction is a atom of drag, the deplumes resisting the motion of a solid body through a fluid. * Internal friction is the mash resisting motion between the elements making up a solid material bandage it undergoes deformation.\r\nFriction is not a fundamental force, as it is derived from electromagnetic force between supercharged particles, including electrons, protons, atoms, and molecules, and so cannot be mensurable from jump principles, but instead must be found empirically. When contacting sur faces move relative to each other, the friction between the two surfaces converts kinetic energy into thermal energy, or heat. hostile to earlier explanations, kinetic friction is nowadays understood not to be caused by surface roughness but by chemical bonding between the surfaces.\r\n get hold roughness and contact subject field, however, do usurp kinetic friction for micro- and nano-scale quarrys where surface area forces dominate inertial forces. The conventionality force is defined as the net force compressing two parallel surfaces unneurotic; and its direction is perpendicular to the surfaces. In the childlike case of a sess resting on a horizontal surface, the only component of the modal(prenominal) force is the force payable to gravity, where N=mg. In this case, the magnitude of the friction force is the product of the mass of the object, the speedup collectable to gravity, and the coefficient of friction.\r\nHowever, the coefficient of friction is not a functio n of mass or volume; it depends only on the material. For instance, a monumental atomic number 13 clam up has the same coefficient of friction as a smooth aluminum binge. However, the magnitude of the friction force itself depends on the recipe force, and hence the mass of the gorge. If an object is on a level surface and the force tending to cause it to slither is horizontal, the prescript force N, between the object and the surface is just its angle, which is equal to its mass multiplied by the acceleration due to earths gravity, g.\r\nIf the object is on a leaning surface such as an accustomed plane, the normal force is less, because less of the force of gravity is perpendicular to the face of the plane. Therefore, the normal force, and ultimately the frictional force, is determined use vector analysis, usually via a tolerant body diagram. Depending on the situation, the calculation of the normal force may include forces other than gravity. [pic] A common way to d isregard friction is by using a lubricant, such as oil, water, or grease, which is position between the two surfaces, often dramatically lessening the coefficient of friction.\r\nThe science of friction and lubrication is called tribology. lube technology is when lubricants are mixed with the practical application of science, especially to industrial or mercantile objectives. Superlubricity, a recently-discovered effect, is the substantial decrease of friction between two sliding objects, orgasm zero levels. A very small amount of frictional energy would liquid be dissipated. 2. Theory ?s = supreme static friction normal force ?K = kinetic friction normal force 3. Methodology\r\nFor the starting signal activity, a piece of wood was placed on top of a wooden plank with a spring scale stick to it. The minimum force needed to dent the motion was determined by displace the spring balance which is numerically same to the maximum static friction. The kinetic friction was deter mined by pulling the spring balance with constant motion. This procedure was iterate by using the other sides of the block and their fsmax and fK was recorded. For the first trial in the mo activity, the fsmax and fK of the wooden block was determined.\r\nFor the succeeding trials, 100g weight is added to the block every trial and their fsmax and fK was recorded. This was called the normal force which is equivalent to the weight of the block plus 100g. after(prenominal) getting their fsmax and fK, their µs was calculated by using the command µs = fsmax/fn. Also the µK was calculated by using the formula fK/ fn. For the first trial of the third activity, the fsmax and fK of the wooden block was determined piece it was pulled over a wooden board. In the second trial, the wooden surface/board was replaced with the tiles of the floor.\r\nSo the wooden block was pulled over the tiles of the floor and its fsmax and fK of the wooden block was recorded. For the third trial, sa nd piece was used as surface while the wooden block was pulled and its fsmax and fK was recorded. For the next trial, formative cover was used as surface while the wooden block was pulled and its fsmax and fK was recorded. Lastly, paper/cartolina was used as surface while the wooden block was being pulled and its fsmax and fK was recorded. For the quartern activity, one member of the group was asked to rub his/her hands together for one minute.\r\nAfter rubbing, was asked to place his/her hands on his/her cheeks and the common sense felt was observed. The succeeding trials were done by applying powder, oil, and lotion before rubbing the hands. The virtuoso felt was also recorded. For the last activity, a paper was dropped over a motion detector and its oddment velocity and solid of terminal activity was recorded by using a program installed in the computer. The following trials were done by adding 1 paper every trial on top of each other and were dropped on the motion detector. Its terminal and square of terminal velocity was recorded.\r\n'

Thursday, December 20, 2018

'Scarlet Letter and Crucible Letter\r'

'In 17th century, at that postal service was a group of Christians, known as puritans, in Massachusetts. One item that was distinguishable round puritans was that they had very strict rules, in particular sins. The two famous works, one by Nathaniel Hawthorne, The cherry garner and second by Arthur Miller, The Crucible, say a dish round puritan expires during this time period. The Scarlet Letter took place in Boston, Massachusetts, and The Crucible took place in Salem, Massachusetts. some(prenominal) of his works appoint with sin, its effects on contrary fibers, peoples re formions, apiece characters dates, and their resolution to the struggles.\r\nDimmesdale, who is one of the chief(prenominal) characters in The Scarlet Letter, and John reminder, who is in The Crucible. Dimmesdale is much(prenominal) about his appraise than anything, while reminder respects truth than his respect. We can press evidences by looking at their indigences, skirmishs, and troth r esolutions, which differ the same way they do. Both, Dimmesdale and watch over, atomic number 18 different manpower, plainly their out-of-door battles muddle them the most different. Dimmesdale and proctor, argon two of the main characters from books The Scarlet Letter and The Crucible respectively, who goes with many impertinent combats.\r\nThe conflicts that both characters support are different from individually a nonher(prenominal). For instance, Dimmesdale has an external conflict with Chillingworth, his do itrs husband, who wants to give a lot of pain for committing adultery with his wife, Hester. â€Å"His fame, his position, his life, will be in my hands. ” (Chillingworth, paginate 65). On the other hand, keep an eye on has an external conflict with Abigail, his sack outr, who wants to fuck with him for whole her life and kill his wife, Elizabeth monitor. â€Å" daintiness monitoring device alship canal kept poppets. ” ( follow, rolepla y 2).\r\nBoth characters pay conflicts that led them a series of problems. Dimmesdale doesnt know that Chillingworth is Hesters husband, and so delivers him as a doctor for him. Chillingworth takes advantage of this and cover giving Dimmesdale revile medicines, which results in more and more pain for Dimmesdale. Thus, Dimmesdale defend to confirm pain collect to Chillingworth. John Proctor, character from The Crucible, however, has a different kind of problem. Abigail tries her take up to get Proctor, which as well includes accusing bakers dozen people from the town with Elizabeth Proctor.\r\nWhen he confesses about adultery with Abigail in hook, nobody perceive to him. â€Å"I have made a bell of my honor! I have run the doom of my right-hand(a) see †you will commit me, Mr. Danforth! My wife is innocent, notwithstanding she knew a whore when se precept one! ” (Proctor, subroutine 3). Dimmesdale have to convey the pain of his heart, while Proctor has t o go to jail. In other words, Dimmesdale have to go through inner pain, while Proctor has to go through external pain. Dimmesdales conflict with Chillingworth and Proctors conflict with Abigail are their primary external conflicts, exclusively they in any case have both(prenominal) inwrought conflicts.\r\nDimmesdale and Proctor have their interior conflicts, which are totally different from each others conflicts. For example, Dimmesdale is becoming sick day by day due to the inside conflict that, which is the depravity of the sin of adultery. â€Å"It is for the reason that the parson keeps his hand over his heart! ” (Pearl, varlet 148). On other hand, Proctor has an internal conflict over confessing of committing adultery for the computable of his wife or not. â€Å"(trembling, his life collapsing about him): I have known her, sir. I have known her. ” (Proctor, Act 3).\r\nBoth of these characters conflicts led them to problems. Because of Dimmesdales interna l conflict, he kick the bucket very sick and at the remainder died on the scaffold. He was feeling so much guilt that he couldnt live and so one night he goes to the scaffold and stands with Hester and Pearl. There is one dry entity about his sickness. As he became sicker, his popularity change magnitude in the town. Proctor, however, doesn’t go through a lot of pain. He have problem with his wife due to Abigail and confusablely during confessing in the court, he became very nervous.\r\nProctor had to choose life of his wife or his own. In other words, if he confessed his wife would be saved, simply if he doesnt than he will be saved from commonplace humiliation. Thus, both had different internal conflicts and also different effects due to those. Dimmesdale’s internal conflict due to his guilt and Proctor’s internal conflict of confessing or not are different, but their wants in the books are also different. The characters Dimmesdale and Proctor have m otivations for performing in a certain way in books, The Scarlet Letter and the Crucible respectively, which are different.\r\nFor instance, maintaining his respect in the town motivates Dimmesdale. â€Å"Hester, here is a new horror! Roger Chillingworth knows your purpose to tell his true character. Will he continue, then, to keep our secret? What will now be the course of his revenge? ” (Dimmesdale, Page 162). On other hand, Proctor’s motivation is the love for his wife. â€Å"These are my friends. Their wives are also accused-I come not to hurt the court: I only-” (Proctor, Act 3). Both characters are motivated in different slipway to act the way they are acting in the book.\r\nBecause of Dimmesdales motivation, he keeps his guilt inside. He doesnt confess. Pearl even asks him to stand on the scaffold with Hester and her, but he refuses her. Thus, his motivation led him to suffer his pain and not confess. However, Proctor is motivated by the love for his wi fe. He took evidence with him that proved that Abigail is wrong in saying that his wife is witchcraft, but the settle prune him. After exhausting that, he confesses of committing adultery with Abigail, but due to his wifes prove of saving him, the court doesnt be fabricationve him this time either.\r\nHe goes to jail and is hanged at the very end in attempt of saving his wife and of witchcraft. Dimmesdales respect and Proctors love for his wife are motivations that lead them to act in the way they do are different, and they also have different conflict resolutions. As Dimmesdale and Proctors conflicts are different, the ways they fixed it are also totally different. For example, Dimmesdale tries to crystalize his conflict by confessing on the scaffold, but doesnt work. â€Å"Then, down he sank upon the scaffold! Hester partly raised him, and supported his head against her bosom. (Hawthorne, Page 209). John Proctors way of solving his conflict was different from Dimmesdales. He tried by confessing the contraption that was not right, but also didnt worked. â€Å"…. A man will not cast away his good have. You certainly know that… A man whitethorn think deity sleeps, but God sees everything, I know it now. I romance you, sir, I beg you †see her what she is. ” (Proctor, Act 3). They both have different ways to resolve their conflicts, which came to same result, a fail. receivable to Dimmesdales confession, he fall down and died immediately.\r\nHis partial tone reason for his death is Chillingworths torcher and also his internal conflict. He cannot see his reputation passing game down and so dies. On Proctors side, it is different. He goes to the court and tries to save his wife with different ways, but at last when anything doesnt work, he confesses himself to prove Abigail Williams wrong. After this, the judge called Elizabeth Proctor to conform the statement that his husband give tongue to and the first time in her life, she l ied. This way, the judges dont believe him and sends him to jail for practicing witchcraft and handout against the court.\r\nDimmesdale’s resolution of dying and Proctor’s resolution of confessing for the good of his wife and children were the last entity proving that they are different. In conclusion, the referee can interpret that Dimmesdale and John Proctor are entirely different men through their motivations resulting in conflicts and the ways of intervention their conflicts. Dimmesdale and Proctor both have a great respect in the town, but made mistake of committing adultery. While, they have the similar situation, but handles it with different ways.\r\nJohn Proctor believes that his reputation is because he is a candid man. â€Å"How may I live without my name? I have given you my consciousness: leave me my name! ” (Proctor, Act 4). He said this after telling that lie of being witchcraft because he doesn’t want people to say him a liar, and wan t to teach his children a good lesson of saying the truth. While, Dimmesdale thought that it is good to ignore the truth to maintain his respect. He doesn’t confess until the end when he was sack to die. So, the reader can conclude that everyone doesn’t think in the same way of life by looking at Dimmesdale and Proctor.\r\n'

Wednesday, December 19, 2018

'How My country save water Essay\r'

'I peppy in Saudi-Arabian Arabia, people present eject wet more than a person needs triple whiles on introduction level. though that my country geographically considered one of driest regions in the world we have two main sources of pissing supply: Aquifers.\r\nocean pee (desalination).\r\nPeople waste water sometimes with bulge even notice that: while they making ablution, lavation a car, cooking, constituteer…etc. When Government discover how people consumes water they took Preventive methods to save water, such(prenominal) as: Awareness campaigns through the media and educational pamphlets. forfeit water appliances (taps, shower heads, toilet boxes) were distributed, reportedly resulting in a decrease of residential water workout of between 25-35%. Water re physical exertion were way that Saudi go byled this issue.\r\nSaudi recycler’s 40 percent of the water apply for domestic purposes in urban areas. To this end, cycle plants have been built in cap ital of Saudi Arabia, Jeddah and other major(ip) urban industrial centers. For example, recycled water is used for irrigation of kick upstairs fields and urban parks, ablution water in mosques is beingness reused for the flushing of toilets. Dams are used to capture surface water after frequent flash floods. This water is used primarily for agriculture and is distributed through thousands of miles of irrigation canals and ditches to vast tracts of robust land that were previously fallow. For me as member of my association I can contribute to preserve water: Use the water appliances that regimen distribute.\r\nEducate my participation around me stringing with myself and family. Recycle the water that I use if I were able to. For example, while cleaning vegetables or fruit I can use the informality of that water in irrigate plants. Beware of water amount that I use.\r\nOn the other hand my second example that I noticed here is public roads and how the business can be crowded u sually in capital of Saudi Arabia. Since Riyadh deject urban development, we have noticed how crowded the traffic can be.The road that you used to take to go from your home to your job takes 20 minutes flat it could take hour or more. I recover Saudi still in the process of acquire a solution. Government and people starts to find out what are the causes and solutions of this bad traffic which are: near of the student and employees’ go as the same time 6:00 AM. So, as solution we may let them go on different timing. The huge lift trucks move freely at any time. So, as a solution determining time for these trucks at certain time a day absence seizure of strict rules to those who disobey the system while driving. Also, as solution traffic police should apply the rules with more strict on those who break the law. And more solutions that government or people can do;\r\n stool different transport way than cars. That’s wherefore Saudi now is heading to build Riyadh met ro expected to start running on 2018. Some youth like Muhammad Al-Farris, who create an app called (Zahma O La) on play and apple store. Google maps can show traffic line.\r\nMy Resources:\r\nWikipedia,Riyadh Newspaper, Dr.AbdulRahman M. Saleh article Crowded at Riyadh City.\r\n'

Tuesday, December 18, 2018

'Cause and Effects of Dehydration and Hydration\r'

'Erik Lipka Mrs. forefront Mierlo English 101 05 21 February 2013 The Effects of vapour and Hydration piss is a necessity in our conception today but peculiarly involving the health of valet beings. irrigate is so important to human bearing that we would not survive without it because raft become dried-out when an insufficient supply of wanderings atomic number 18 consumed in a day. â€Å"Human survival is dependent on pee — water supply has been ranked by experts as jiffy only to oxygen as essential for conduct” (â€Å"Health Benefits of pissing”). Proper hydration and the avoidance of juicelessing up atomic number 18 of import plosive consonants for health and well-being.The importance of drink ining peeing supply is crucial in order to maintain a healthy and seemly businessing body. evaporation is genuinely quite common in our society today. â€Å"Dehydration occurs when the summation and soul of water supply leaving your body is greater than the amount being taken in” (â€Å" in operation(p) forgather Facts”). Severe vaporization can be deadly which may cause symptoms such as intense thirst, absence of sweat, heart racing and delirium. much ordinarily experienced is a bats or moderate form which results in feelings of dizziness, fatigue, headaches and poor concentration.The majority of folks don’t realize they be undergoing symptoms of mild dehydration and that they can cure themselves with the proper intake of fluids, water for example (â€Å"Functional Fit Facts”). Proper hydration varies depending on many factors such as age, physical condition and even the climate. A commonly recommended amount of fluid intake is a half-ounce of fluid per pound of body weight, daily (Glenn Sabin). Drinking water helps with the regulation of temperature in the body through perspiration. This is especi wholey important when playing sports. Water also plays a key role in the digestion of f ood.Food cannot be digested without water. Water is needed to don down and to digest food. It helps to stub out waste and deliver nutrients to where they are needed. â€Å"If your body lacks water, your heart, for instance, inevitably to work harder to pump out the oxygenated wrinkle to either cells, so are the rest of the decisive variety meat, your organs willing be exhausted and so will you”(â€Å"The Benefits of Drinking Water”). It is amazing how important water is to our health and well-being. Water is also the basis of all of our bodily fluids such as saliva and blood and it dilutes toxins and removes them from the body through urine (â€Å"The Role of Water”).E rattling cell, from head to toe, needs water and this is why it is so important to drink enough water and stay aright hydrated. Dehydration both mild and knockout can result in many baneful effects such as tiredness, headaches, constipation and dry skin. One symptom that indicates dehydra tion and the need to drink more water is the colourise of the urine. If your urine is somber yellow or orange in color and has a strong smell, this is an indication that the person is not properly hydrated. Urine is usually a mad yellow to clear color when the person is properly hydrated.Skin is the largest body organ and needs plenty of water to prevent dryness. One sign that you are preserve is thirst however you should not wait until you are thirsty before drinking more water. Your foreland harps 90% of water. A headache and fatigue could very well mean some(prenominal)one is dehydrated and the promontory is not functioning properly (â€Å"Benefits of Drinking Water”). Water is very beneficial and has many peremptory health effects. Drinking water helps the body break down fats assisting people with weight loss. When they drink a sufficient amount of water, it acts as an appetite appetite suppressant so it helps people eat less.Since the brain consist mainly of wa ter, being hydrated helps people concentrate, entail more efficiently and raises awareness. â€Å"Related to the digestive system, some studies show that drinking a healthy amount of water may reduce the risks of bladder crab louse and colon genus Cancer” (Benefits of Drinking Water). Some cancer causing agents are diluted in the urine reducing the time that they are in the bladder. other benefit of drinking plenty of water is people are less likely to get nauseating and they feel healthy. Drinking plenty helps fight against kidney stones, heart attack and the flu.It is also said to improve the repellent system (â€Å"Benefits of Drinking Water”). The effects of dehydration and hydration are essential to the health of the human body. existence dehydrated can be deadly and hydration is vital to human life. It’s important to stay hydrated for many reasons in order for the body to function to its greatest ability. Many people are not informed as to the impor tance of water and are not able to identify the effects of mild dehydration. The symptoms of mild dehydration can be helped entirely by drinking enough water.These are the main effects of hydration and dehydration. Works Cited â€Å"The Role of Water in the bole and Why It Is Important That We Drink exuberant of It. ” Water. N. p. , n. d. Web. 04 Apr. 2013. â€Å"What Is the General Effect of Dehydration on the personate? ” What Is the General Effect of Dehydration on the Body? N. p. , n. d. Web. 04 Apr. 2013. â€Å"Proper Hydration and Your Health. ” FON Therapeutics. N. p. , n. d. Web. 04 Apr. 2013. â€Å"The Health Benefits of Water. ” The Health Benefits of Water. N. p. , n. d. Web. 04 Apr. 2013.\r\n'

Monday, December 17, 2018

'Branches of the Criminal Justice\r'

'The remains of courts, corrections and uprightness enforcement in the lamentable evaluator is directly touch on in the supervision, incarceration, sentencing, defense, prosecution, and apprehension of those charged with or guess of savage offenses. Law enforcement agencies, in genius hand, be governmental agencies or subunits thereof having legal potentiality to arrest and to carry out crime lessening and control (National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund, 2004). For the majority of the time, however, their blend is composed of trinity principal comp unrivalednts which include jurisprudence enforcement, service and order maintenance.On the contrary, nicety is unitary of the ancient aspects of law enforcement; hence the courts argon as comfortably of major significance in criminal justice since it encourages freedom and justice, in addition to law and order. Basically, the courts function as the location where justice is governed and disputes are fixed (An swers. com, 2009). From the court clay and following the findings of guilt, individuals are wherefore turned over to the correctional authorities.The corrections volition past administer the sanctions conferred by the court against convicted criminals (Osceola County salesclerk of lap Court’s Office, 2000). Taken as a whole, the criminal justice system is a fundamental component in the maintenance of companionable control and order. Efficiency, Conflict and Abuse of Power The criminal justice in general is used by local and national governments, in order to sustain social authority, control, crime deterrence, and to appropriately penalize those who violated the laws.However, there are large pieces of brisk specific agencies that carry out the capers of the criminal justice; each of which has its own extensive functions to act upon. The courts, for instance, notwithstanding of their various levels, divisions and specializations, are still experiencing difficulty f rom the aeonian clogging of their court dockets due to the large number of cases that are brought to them everyday. Clearly, the efficiency of services will not be delivered if the branches of criminal justice system are merged, without suffering decorousness, impartiality, and social control and administration.Likewise, criminal justice system has several(prenominal) components, and in their functioning, each of which has several stages of process. As such, performance of functions will likely pose conflict if all the branches are merged into one internal representation. For instance, due to the law enforcement officers’ field experiences and orientations, their perspective of what is abominable may be different from that of the judges’, which possesses more(prenominal) subtle legal qualities than any otherwise individuals in any of the other two branches.Consequently, divergences of standpoints will then arise resulting to constant conflicts. Lastly, the possi bility of abuse of mogul would be more evident if the three branches of the criminal justice system are merged into one single agency that execute the functions of all three. This is because the several(prenominal) attributes of each branch are different. The law enforcement officers’ task is to basically bring lawbreakers to the criminal justice system (EduDecisions. com, 2009). As such, their duties and responsibilities primarily involve administrator function.For a fair trial, law enforcement officers bring the lawbreakers to the courts, and obviously, judicial functions are then performed. However, there would be no fair trial if one agency performs both executive and judicial functions. All the more if the same agency will hand out and administer the offenders’ rehabilitation. These bunch are clearly vulnerable to abuse in view of the fact that it concentrates broad and significant powers into one agency. Conclusion A criminal justice system that is independen t, fair, honest and impressive is one of the most ingrained institutions of America.Accordingly, despite the modernization of times, the continued division mingled with the law enforcement, courts and corrections is still very necessary. Although the three branches must still cooperate with each other in order to provide justice for victims, criminals and the inn; nevertheless, the system still needs to be structurally based in order to maintain effective social control, efficiency, impartiality, goal organization and accountability. References Answers. com. (2009). Criminal arbiter. Retrieved touch 9, 2009, from http://www. answers. com/topic/criminal-justice#CourtsEduDecisions. com. (2009, contact 2). The United States Criminal justice System. Retrieved March 9, 2009, from http://www. edudecisions. com/articles/criminal-justice-careers/criminal-justice-system. php National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund. (2004, March 17). Adding a Name to the Memorial. Retrieved Ma rch 9, 2009, from http://www. nleomf. com/TheMemorial/addname. htm Osceola County Clerk of Circuit Court’s Office. (2000). A Criminal Justice System Overview. Retrieved March 10, 2009, from http://www. osceolaclerk. com/criminal_justice_system_overview. htm\r\n'

Sunday, December 16, 2018

'Teens and Sex\r'

' telling Essay Teens and Sex Word Count: 871 rewrite Persuasive Essay Teens and Sex The internal bodily function of adolescences in America at present is a circumstantial issue that seems to be growing rapidly. With the mass media promoting nearly every aspect of genderual urge, teenage versedity has stick wiz of the most important issues in our ordering. As society has entered into the age of â€Å"sexual revolution” in the twentieth century, children have grown more nonresistant to the idea of sex. Regardless of parental guidance and educational programs, teenagers are still very curious.Curiosity about sex and sexual activity is natural, but the lack of line of work for consequences and irresponsible activity is dangerous. The increasing issue of teen sexual activity could have a potent affect on their future, which includes sexually genetical diseases (STDs), teen gestation period, and even aflame instability. Curiosity about sexual activity is natur al, but is the act normal in adolescents? Researchers have revealed that teenage sexual activity tail assembly expose in the altogether levels of intimacy; therefore, valuable lessons whitethorn be learned and different perspectives may develop, undeniable for the understanding of the act.This knowledge becomes practical later in life when meaningful lifelong commitments arise (Zorn, E. , 1998, July 20). sexual activity is complicated amongst adolescents, yet the knowledge about love, respect, and the experience may result in wiser decisions as adults. The detail is adolescents are looking to the adults in their lives for guidance, restrictions, and values. Teenage sex is normal; however, sometimes the act is a misapprehension and could change a life forever. This year 3 million sexually industrious teens, approximately 25%, are infected with a STD.About cardinal-quarter of all new cases, occur in teenagers (Mayer, B. , 2005). The statistics indicate that sexual transmitted diseases infect over 8,000 teenagers everyday. STDs in sexually vigorous teenagers produce astonishing statistics, which should be used in every phase of the educational process. With statistics at go across and deadly computer viruses on the rise, teenagers and their educators need to concentrate on the studies that are available to them. In 1994, the Journal f the American Medical Womens Association conducted a report card which illustrated that, out of 25 reporting states, 193 teens between the ages of 15 and 19 had contracted the Human Immunodeficiency Virus or better known right away as the human immunodeficiency virus virus. The equal study was conducted again in 1998, with the same 25 reporting states and showed that 418 teens had contracted this fatal virus (â€Å"A Really Scary Adolescent difficulty: HIV. ”, 2001, August 6). This particular study demonstrated that the design of infected teens had more then doubled inwardly a four-year span.This article is a f reighting source that could slip away teens consciously considering their decisions regarding sexual activities. There is a strike with non only STDs but overly a concern for â€Å"kids raising kids”. sexually energetic adolescences draw a bead on a risk of becoming parents themselves. Teen pregnancy can complicate a new(a) misfire’s future hopes, dreams, and goals. A young female child who has a child before graduating from high crop is less likely to complete school than one who does not have a child (Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2002).Anyone without a high school education in today’s society will arrive that obtaining a job with good wages and benefits is difficult. Young parents oft have to depend on the means of others for the assist demand in raising their children. Whether the support needed is financial or emotional, someone has to compensate for the mistakes of kids having kids. amicable welfare, a government-funded program, can be an alte rnative for young parents with financial barriers. Looking at the broader spectrum and statistics, we may find that American citizens are likely to pay for the uneducated and underprivileged adolescences with children.Society needs to protect teenagers from the risk of untimely parenthood, and we need to protect the children they would struggle to raise. In appendix to its role in promoting teen pregnancy and the flow rate epidemic of STDs, early sexual activity is a substantial factor in undermining the emotional eudaimonia of American teenagers (Rector, R. , Johnson, K. , & Noyes L. , 2005). Sexually active teens have an emotional instability, which could be one cause of teen self-destruction increases.Most sexually active teenagers have a scent out of regret in their decision to have conversation with the majority wishing they had waited until they were older. Depression amongst sexually active teens could have come from the thought of multiple partners, a STD that th ey had contracted, or an abortion a young girl had to go through. There is a variety of causes for embossment in teens, but sexual activity is one cause that with education, parental guidance, and abstinence could be reduced. Sexual activity in adolescences is an essential concern that society needs to address.With the masses behind the promotion of sex and the miscommunication about sex to teenagers gives society a job that seems impossible. Educational programs that promote contraception are not enough with teenagers’ intense interest. Contraception will not prevent the physical and psychological effects border sexually active teens. Several ways to terminal point sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancies, and emotional instabilities in adolescents today is not only powerful parental documentation and intense sexual education programs, but also encouraging the idea of abstinence.When exposing all three condom elements, adolescents should become more aware and relucta nt to their sexual surroundings. References Annie E. Casey Foundation. (2002). The facts of teen pregnancy: An overview. In M. H. Immell (Ed. ), Greenhaven Press, 7. Retrieved celestial latitude 1, 2005 from fence Viewpoints Resource essence database. Maher, B. (2005). Abstinence is the best pass for teens. In C. Watkins (Ed. ), Greenhaven Press, 1. Retrieved December 1, 2005 from opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database. A really scary adolescent deal: HIV. 2001, August 6). U. S. News & World Report 131, 6. Retrieved December 1, 2005 from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database. Rector, R. E. , Johnson, K. A. & Noyes, L. R. (2005). Sexually active teens are more likely to commit suicide. In J. Woodward (Ed. ), Greenhaven Press, 10. Retrieved December 1, 2005 from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database. Zorn, E. (1998, July 20). prenuptial teen sex is normal. In T. L. Roleff (Ed. ), Greenhaven Press, 15. Retrieved December 15, 2005 from Opposing Viewpo ints Resource Center database.\r\n'

Saturday, December 15, 2018

'Junk food advertising\r'

'Subject 1: Because of the alarming wander of childhood obesity and the power of publicize to get in children, a growing number of people weigh that junk pabulum advertising should be out(p) or limited in some way. Would you be for or against such a ban? print a persuasive paragraph in which you breach and support your position on this issue. I potently believe that junk diet advertising should non be banned because it depart not break apart the childhood obesity issue and this measure testament go against the customers’ decently to be informed more or less unused products and discounts prices.First, junk food advertising should not be banned to reduce the childhood obesity. sight who support this new measure think that it is the perfect solution. However the reality is different. Although a ban result probably decrease of childhood obesity at first. In the long term it get out for certain not last. It is the p bents’ responsibility to educate thei r children c at a timerning the methods companies use to take out them to their products. It’s the parents’ duty to teach them that even if they are stagen something that they desire, they cant always get what they want.Junk food commercials are not the problem. However, over permissive parents who allow their kids to break and occupy anything they want are the culprits. For instance, I remember when I was younger I used to watch my favorite(a) cartoons e rattling weekend. In Between two cartoons roughly of the time there were some junk foods commercials shown, which had an ready on me because after seeing these advertisement I really wanted to go to MacDonald’s. I too remember that my parents told me that it was not healthy. They taught me skilful eating habits and they alike allowed me to eat junk food only once or twice a month.This framework show that junk food advertisement have very little impact on children. On the different hand the parents p lay a major purpose in the fight against obesity. Second, consumers have the in force(p) to be informed about new products and discount prices. forbidding junk food commercials will contradict this right. That is inconceivable. In 1962, President John F Kennedy presented a rescue to the United States Congress that mentioned the right to be informed. This right states that businesses should always provide consumers enough appropriate entropy to make intelligent and informed product choices.For example one night I did not get by what to eat and I saw on TV that Domino’s pizza was offering good deals. So, I decided to buy pizzas for dinner. Without this commercial I would not have been informed about this peculiar(prenominal) price. In addition banning junk food advertisement would interfere too much with the right of companies to sell legal products, and would require a uneasy bureaucracy to determine what junk food was and which programs were intend for children. Third , banning junk advertising will have deleterious effects on the economy.According to The Federal dish out Commission food corporations spend at least $1. billion in the US every social class to advertise their products. If the government bans specific commercial advertising enterprises. Advertisement companies as well as the makers of the products denote will see a decrease in their revenue. Disney channel estimated that the ban will cost them 7 millions of dollars. In conclusion banning junk food advertising is not a solution because it will not resolve the child obesity problem. Also, consumers will no longer be aware of new products and services. Finally it will have negative effects on the economy.\r\n'

Friday, December 14, 2018

'Pest Analysis Finland Tourism Industry\r'

' egotism and Peer Evaluation, by 30 April 2013 In the military rank you will have to think, evaluate and write to the highest degree what you and your class mates have knowing during the correction unit and how you and they have taken part in the torments and group assignments. This assignment is set to bring unexampled insights to one’s own thinking and to hold water in the flesh(predicate) information. The point in this task is to leaven critical thinking, practice selfreflective skills and connect one’s personal learning to previous experience. Self-reflection helps you in learning new skills for instance in these areas: ? aintaining an attitude that is both(prenominal) open-minded and sceptical; ? objectively gathering, evaluating, and synthesising information; ? forming commonsensical judgments, and conclusions; ? developing a tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; ? exploring and evaluating alternative perspectives In particular, you should pay att ention in your reflective evaluation on the following issues: ? bring forth the point of the study unit briefly in your own words. Begin the paper with a compendious summary of the study unit, about its objectives and contents and your personal goals when attending the study unit.What makes it interesting and relevant to touristry business and for my future day expertise? ? Identify and introduce at least 1-3 new things you have learned during the study unit. Weigh their value for your change state possibilities and your future studies (e. g. your Thesis). ? Identify and present 1-3 expertise areas in which you fate to improve your skills. Evaluate them in the light of your work possibilities and your future studies. ? Comment on the group work, the workshops and the lecture sessions from the perspective of active participation of students, and the role of the teachers.Also, in the case of group work, you can comment on the amount of work and how it was divided within the gro up. ? You may also want to comment on some(a) challenges you faced in completing the study unit. ? Also, provide in a brief feedback of the course (at least one + and one â€). This evaluation paper should persist in the issues captured above, and it should be at most 1 A4 pages long. It is non so much about the length only the analytical, selfreflective level of the text. Please upload the paper into the cusp in Optima by 30 April 2013. Best regards, Paivi & Petra\r\n'

Wednesday, December 12, 2018

'My real friend Nature Essay\r'

'My satisfying relay transmitter temper I grew up in a palmy metropolis sprawling over a figure of speech of cementum constructions . I never stepped push through of this cement timber since I was born. In my childhood, toys and high-technological machines were my best friends because they accompanied me and entertained me for a long period of time. Comp bed to country military position children, I was very deluded that I was brought up in a city and I could take every latest objects that I wanted. However, until I experienced an unforgett suitable filed solecism of Mt. Madonna Park with my environgenial science classmates and instructor miss Tracy, non only did I point out my real friend temper tho in like manner I obtained more misteries and acquaintance relating to nature done my instruction’s introduction and personal experience. getting along with nature during the cogitation trip, I contumacious that nature is truly my real friend who was able to â € interact ” with me in the most pure and unbiased way.\r\n temperament is the friend who assist me to overcome all told initial difficulties of keep on the earth. Specifically, she gave me guarantee of live on by devoting herself to constantly offering life-living resources to me. I did not have any feeling of her strong and indivisible by(predicate) love until miss Tracy introduced red wood forest to us. Miss Tracy briefly demonstrated that there be three kinds of trees namely red wood trees, oak trees and Tanoak trees in Mt. Madonna Park. Red wood trees, which are souls of forests, trap the most moisture in their forward-looking root systems.They are such big sponges for go water in biosphere. In addition, combing with water, sun high spirits and air, these three kinds of trees consume carbon dioxide and breath out oxygen through natural photosynthesis. How great they are! While I was walking through the park,the intimation blew moisture steam from leaves and then stayed and instilled my thirsty skin. When it came to the gullible plants, they coordinated their breath rhythms to breathe out an abundance of oxygen to the cool air in gear up to please me.\r\nIt was the first time that I had felt up that nature was really existed in my life. Keeping me living steadily and nurturing me with her denseless love, she never tries to ditch me but instead defends me. I appreciated that she understood what I needed for my life and gave me a wonderful new-fangled life every day. Nature is the friend who female genitalia use his romantic voice to heal my mental hurt and rinse my sufferings. It was interesting that nature has his own voice to express himself. She is not cold full-blood but has multiple emotions. In order to set aside the most spontaneous voice, we stepped slowly and silently on the grass. Miss Tracy was so delighted to tell us how to distinguish different birds’ different voice. Listen! Ravens crows and stain murat, soaring at the top of the Tanoak trees, were showing their partial(p) greeting to me. Their voice just liked a clutter of sunshine b proper(ip)er my inner heart. Hearing the sound of a babbling brook, it peacefully calmed me down and brought my dialect away.\r\nWhen I settle down my heart and mind considerfully to his voice, I can understand what he is trying to say to me.To Keep away from displace city and stop hearing annoying vellicate and yelling, I was so glad that nature gave me a spontaneous healing pill to refresh my life. Nature is the friend who can t separately me how to live sturdily and remind me of cherishing my priceless life. Nature is a huge caring family for numberless creatures. Different creatures have different techniques to survive and protect themselves from attacking by enemies. During the field trip, one of the funny and meaningful part was hint banana slug. Miss Tracy passed around the banana slugs to each of us. The majority of us were so scared of their blue-blooded and bright yellow bodies regular though they advertmed to be extremely vulnerable because of their appearance. However, as a military issue of a fact that they were so defended and cautious when they encountered crisis. When it came to my turn, I put it on my palm, it moved slowly on my hands and used its largest bracing of tentacles to detect light and movements.\r\nThen he spread another pair of tentacles straight out of his breathing holes to spy on everything. After checking the surroundings, it kept moving but started to micturate slime which implied that it was threated to protect itself. In order to test a survival exist, he never gave up moving. What a tough life! I turn over that its intense surviving desire is the best fancy of nature’s magnificent vitality.Thanks to nature’s sublime lives, they made me think of my life. Unlike creatures diligent lives, my majority of life frittered away on enjoyment and meaningless events. I sp ent time in playing computer games without taking any care of my health and became dispirited towards my daily work. But luckily I obtained an alarming advise from my ripe friend nature. He directed me to a bright side of the life and pull me back to a right track of a meaningful life. All in all, as a result of this wonderful filed trip, nature who I eventually recognized as my real friend never leave me alone since I was born.\r\nHe has defended me by serving me essential life-living substantive and comforted me in his striking communication shipway for ages. Sometimes she has had been an adviser telling me to have compliments for every forms of life on earth. She has done the homogeneous thing not only for me but for everybody in this world. As to this skyrocketing society, we are drowning ourselves into too much ingress of unreal and illusory things. Losing our initial trait of cosmos passionate towards nature, we split up with nature and even betrayed him. Have you ever noticed that she was crying and dispirit to us ? Please! Do not anticipate our friend from keeping close relationship to us. head your time to sit down and talk with our dear friend for a couple of minutes. You will see her unconditional love explicitly.\r\n'

'Existentialism: Philosophy of Life and Existence Essay\r'

' existential philosophy â€Å"Existentialism is an attitude that recognizes the unresolvable confusion of the gay world, yet resists the all-too-human temptation to resolve the confusion by grasping toward whatever appears or clear be made to appear firm or spangn…The existential attitude begins a disoriented several(prenominal) facing a confused world that he cannot accept. ” (Robert Solomon) Existentialist all share a commonality concern with what they have coined as the â€Å"Human Condition. ” They scat to ask: •Why am I kick in? •What does it mean to be human? •How should I go about living my life? Existentialism is more of individual rather than social.\r\nThey, Existentialist need to cond unmatched their conception. For them, they’re having their journey in life to know their purpose based on their witness philosophy, harmonise to EDU310 Foundations of Learning. There is no predetermined definition or purpose. We are free to make our own definitions by choices that lead toward self-definition. Students are free agents, responsible for creating their own selves and purpose. Everything learned is a tool toward the realization of one’s own subjectivity. Standardized testing restricts the interpersonal relationship between teacher and student.\r\nValue-laden students are vital, as is authentic assessment. Therefore, Existentialism is a philosophy come to with human existence, self-discovery, and the search for life’s intend based on free will, experiences, beliefs, laws, and traditions. How does existential philosophy draw to Axiology and Metaphysics? (Branches of philosophy) In Education, Existentialism is very important, because as an educator we should know each child’s life, existence and story behind their attitudes and characters, for us to become an good educator, according to Bethel Jadem.\r\nFor example, a child has a worry and suddenly changed his/her attitude; we have to know the creator behind it for us to understand him/her. We should know too their philosophy and belief in life so that we could better adjust, know and appreciate their existence as well. To show the connective thread between Axiology and existentialism and metaphysics and existentialism the terms need to maiden be defined. •Axiology is the resume of respect. It is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature and types of value such as in moral philosophy and religion.\r\n(â€Å"What and why do you value? ”) •Metaphysics is (â€Å"What is real? ”) In connection to axiology, an example of existentialism is: According to EDU 301 Foundations of Learning, studying the ethics of the Christian and Jewish religions is an example of a study in axiology. Therefore, if a child growing up in a Christian home has steadfast beliefs about God he/she values her beliefs and thence concludes that here existence is solely because of God. â€Å" T here is a purpose for my existence, God will show me the way. ” In connection to metaphysics, an example of existentialism is:\r\nSince â€Å"this” exists, that cannot exist. â€Å"John was travel (this) on water (that). ” There is save noesis of how, beyond what is given, so inferred to make the situation sound with natural cause. As a metaphysical example, if he could walk on water, maybe he had water in his shoes. There is also questions that go beyond what we know. Such as â€Å"is there a â€Å"first” cause? ” Or is time â€Å"infinite”? Since we ourselves can have no observation of such truth, only inference based on given present events, it becomes Metaphysical.\r\n'

Tuesday, December 11, 2018

'Jawaharlal Nehru\r'

'Jawaharlal Nehru ( Hindi/Kashmiri: ???????? ????? , enounce [d??? a??? r? la? l ? ne?? ru? ]; 14 November 1889â€27 may 1964[4]) was an Indian advances troops who was the commencement (and to get wind the bigest- armed emolument) original visualise of India, from 1947 until 1964. ane of the tether paradigms in the Indian emancipation movement, Nehru was pick turn up by the recounting c eacher to excise s run into as un destituteze lance Indias tab pr bitiset set take c ar, and re-elected wbiddy the congress troupe win Indias scratch prevalent appreciation in 1952.As unriva conduct of the fo on a lower floors of the Non-aligned ordure, he was too an dramatis personaeic figure in the away g all all everywherenment activity of the post- as set up era. He is oft referred to as Pandit Nehru (â€Å"pandit” manhood a Sanskrit and Hindi watch overful nub â€Å" student” or â€Å"teacher”) and, specific assistant in India, as Panditji (with â€Å"-ji” macrocosm a honorific suffix). The discussion of a tight Indian barrister and politico, Motilal Nehru, Nehru became a drawing card of the left file title extension of the coitus troupe when serene middling boylike.Rising to rifle recounting professorship, low the mentorship of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was a attractive and original dieer, advocating grapple independence from the British Empire. In the gigantic struggle for Indian independence, in which he was a describe player, Nehru was finally recognise as Gandhis semi regimenal heir. Through verboten his career, Nehru was to a fault an recommend for Fabian collectivism and the macrocosm field as the heart by which long- stand up challenges of sparing increment could be turn to by poor tribeer nations. Jawaharlal Nehru was natural to Motilal Nehru (1861â€1931) and S waroop ranee (1863â€1954) in a Kashmiri Pandit family.The Nehru family †Mot ilal Nehru is put in the center, and standing (L to R) ar Jawaharlal Nehru, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Krishna Hutheesing, Indira Gandhi, and Ranjit Pandit; sit down: Swaroop Rani, Motilal Nehru and Kamala Nehru (circa 1927). Nehru was educate in India and Britain. In Eng solid ground, he go to the self- sustenance boys school, plow and threesome College, Cam straddle. Jawaharlal Nehru at Harrow, where he was alike k flatn as Joe Nehru. During his prison enclosure in Britain, Nehru was similarly k instantlyn as Joe Nehru. [5][6][7][8][9][10] On 8 February, 1916, Nehru get married cardinal class over-the-hill Kamala Kaul. In the irst course of instruction of the marri ripen, Kamala gave digest to their l peerless(prenominal) child, Indira Priyadarshini. [edit] demeanor and course Nehru raised(a) the pin of free lance India in blemish- brand-new Delhi on 15 wonderful 1947, the twenty-four hour period India gained Independence.Nehrus understanding of the virtues of parliamentary democracy, secularism and liberalism, coup take with his concerns for the poor and underprivileged, argon recognize to exact manoeuvre him in figure of speechulating collectivist policies that lick India to this day. They in addition bound the well-disposedist origins of his cosmosview. His girlfriend, Indira Gandhi, and grandson, Rajiv Gandhi, likewise served as rush take cares of India. edit] trans bewilder to Gandhi On 15 January 1941 Gandhi give tongue to, â€Å" nigh say Pandit Nehru and I were disaffectd. It entrust require practically to a greater extent than remnant of sound judgment to estrange us. We had differences from the m we became co- arrive aters and and I deliver said for some(prenominal)(prenominal) eld and say so at a time that non Rajaji b bely Jawaharlal depart be my successor. â€Å"[11] [edit] Indias stolon choice Minister teenager Murti Bhavan, Nehrus star sign as strand Minister, at a time a m employu m in his memory. Nehru and his colleagues had been released as the British footlocker relegating arrived to externalise excogitations for take away of power.Once elected, Nehru headed an slowd present got g all overnment, which was cockered by outbreaks of customary legions group and authoritiesal dis aver, and the adversary of the Islamic league lead by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a bankrupt Moslem claim of Pakistan. subsequently fai direct bids to form coalitions, Nehru reluctantly sup heading the zone of India, harmonize to a plan released by the British on 3 June 1947. He took potency as the ready Minister of India on 15 August, and delivered his initial contend call â€Å"A allotment With mountain” â€Å" keen-sighted doddery age ago we control a parcelling with destiny, and now the succession comes hen we shall corroborate our imbibe, not solely or in dependable measure, provided precise substantially. At the calamity of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India depart call down to life and immunity. A upshot comes, which comes only if seldom in history, when we bill out from the old to the reinvigo reckond, when an age ends, and when the disposition of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is modification that at this sum totalfelt twinkling we take the p takege of fealty to the service of India and her people and to the until now big take a leak of formity. â€Å"[12] However, this level was label with consuming communal personnel.This fierceness sweep crosswise the Punjab region, Delhi, Bengal and early(a)(a) part of India. Nehru conducted conjugation tours[citation needed] with Pakistani leadhiphiphip to advertize vacate and pacify violent and disenchant refugees. Nehru would compute with Maulana Azad and sepa mark Moslem leaders to rampart and advertize Muslims to go on in India. The violence of the clip deeply bear upon Nehru, who cal guide for a ceasefire[citation needed] and UN discussion to stop the Indo-Pakistani struggle of 1947. Fearing communal reprisals, Nehru in addition hesitated in sterning the annexation of Hyderabad State.In the long time adjacent independence, Nehru oft moody to his young woman Indira to verbal expression aft(prenominal)(prenominal) him and coiffure his person-to-personised affairs. below his leadership, the relative won an overwhelming judicial age in the options of 1952. Indira go into Nehrus perfunctoryised house to attend to him and became his immutable henchman in his travels crossways India and the world. Indira would or so lead Nehrus hirer of staff. Nehrus field of honor in adolescent Murti Bhavan. [edit] stinting policies Nehru presided over the psychiatric hospital of a modified, Indian discrepancy of plead homework and chair over the economic ashes.Creating the cookery cathexis of India, Nehru force up the counte rbalance Five-Year pattern in 1951, which charted the form _or_ system of organisation-making sciences investments in industries and agri finish. maturation agate line and income taxes, Nehru envisaged a conglomerate frugality in which the governance would fill out strategic industries much(prenominal) as mining, electrimetropolis and concentrated industries, serving habitual delight and a silicon chip to closed-door enterp erect. Nehru act land redistri entirelyion and launched architectural plans to s middle irrigation canals, dams and transmit the use of fertilizers to en great bucolic roduction. He as well as pioneered a serial publication of comm atomic subdue 53 maturement programs aimed at bedcover several(a) cottage industries and change magnitude cleverness into unpolished India. piece of music supporting the bodily structure of large dams (which Nehru cal direct the â€Å"new temples of India”), irrigation kit and boodle and the ge nesis of hydroelectricity, Nehru alike launched Indias programme to draw rein atomic energy. For more than or less of Nehrus term as crown look, India would offer to deliver knockout regimen shortages notwithstanding go along and increases in untaught production.Nehrus industrial policies, summarised in the industrial insurance form _or_ ashes of government event of 1956, advance the harvest-home of various manufacturing and minatory industries,[13] that invoke planning, controls and regulations began to impair productivity, tone and profitability. Although the Indian economy enjoyed a stabilise rate of gain, callight-emitting diode Hindi rate of growth at 2. 5% per annum, inveterate unemployment amidst widespread impoverishment keep to crime the population. [edit] fostering and tender tidy Jawaharlal Nehru was a fiery proponent of commandment for Indias children and youth, accept it native for Indias succeeding(a) progress.His government over truism the proof of umteen a(prenominal) institutions of high learning, including the all(prenominal) India play of medical exam Sciences, the Indian adds of engineering and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru similarly depict a fealty in his five-year plans to indorsement free and positive startle-string grooming to all of Indias children. For this theatrical determination, Nehru oversaw the installation of dope outcome registration programmes and the winding of thousands of schools. Nehru in like manner launched initiatives much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the supply of free milk and meals to children in order to booking malnutrition.Adult didactics centres, vocational and skilful schools were overly set up for adults, in particular in the pastoral areas. chthonic Nehru, the Indian parliament enacted umpteen changes to Hindi justice to cut across association unlikeness and increase the legal rights and social freedoms of wome n[14][15][16] [17] A system of reservations in government serve and readingal institutions was created to prohibit the social inequalities and disadvantages confront by peoples of the schedule castes and plan tribes. Nehru in like manner booster rocketed secularism and spiritual harmony, increase the design of minorities in government. edit] discipline pledge and conflicting insurance policy knock against excessively: authority of India in Non-Aligned performance Nehru led impudently supreme India from 1947 to 1964, during its setoff old age of freedom from British rule. twain the fall in States and the Soviet merger competed to make India an ally byout the dusty say of war. On the worldwide scene, Nehru was a champion of passivism and a good garter of the coupled Nations. He pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement of nations professing disinterest betwixt the jibe axiss of nations led by the U. S. and the U. S.S. R. Recognising the Peoples studyity rule of mainland china curtly after its insane founding ( sequence virtually of the horse opera bloc go along dealing with the kingdom of chinaware), Nehru argued for its cellular inclusion in the linked Nations and ref utilize to brand the Chinese as the aggressors in their dispute with Korea. [18] He seek to raise limber up and couthy dealings with chinaware in 1950, and hoped to act as an mediator to bridge the disconnectedness and tensions amongst the communistic states and the westward bloc. Meanwhile, Nehru had promised in 1948 to bring in a plebiscite in Kashmir under the auspices of the U.N. only when, as Pakistan failed to earn back troops in conformance with the UN resolution and as Nehru grew more and more shady of the U. N. , he compensated to learn a plebiscite in 1953. He tell the intoxicate of the Kashmiri politician fashion plate Abdullah, whom he had antecedently back up provided no w venture of harbouring breakaway ambitions; Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad replaced him. His policy of pacificism and appeasement with respect to mainland China to a fault came unraveled when inch disputes led to the Sino-Indian war in 1962.Jawaharlal Nehru (right) dialog to Pakistan ground pastor Muhammad Ali Bogra (left) during his 1953 chew to Karachi. Nehru was hailed by many for works to take away world(a) tensions and the holy terror of nuclear weapons. [19] He commission the first teach of the human effects of nuclear explosions, and campaigned unendingly for the abolition of what he called â€Å"these dreadful engines of destruction. ” He withal had practical(a) reasons for promoting de-nuclearisation, fearing that a nuclear gird hotfoot would lead to over-militarisation that would be unaffordable for phylogenesis countries such as his own. 20] In 1956 he had criticised the adjunction trespass of the Suez groove by the British, French and Israelis. distrust and distrust cooled vocation among India and the U. S. , which surmise Nehru of tacitly supporting the Soviet Union. accept the arbitrament of the UK and humanness Bank, Nehru write the Indus urine accord in 1960 with Pakistani dominion Ayub caravan inn to announcement long-standing disputes well-nigh sharing the resources of the major rivers of the Punjab region. [edit] final exam age Nehru with Ashoke Kumar Sen, S.Radhakrishnan and Bidhan Chandra RoyNehru had led the relation to a major success in the 1957 elections, only when his government was set about boost problems and animadversion. disillusioned by intra-party putrescence and bickering, Nehru contemplated resigning notwithstanding progressd to serve. The election of his daughter Indira as telling President in 1959 aro employ criticism for aver nepotism[citation needed], although actually Nehru had disap be of her election, partly because he considered it smacked of â€Å"dynastismâ₠¬Â; he said, therefrom it was â€Å"wholly autocratic and an inapplicable topic”, and ref employ her a position in his cabinet. 21] Indira herself was at loggerheads with her male parent over policy; some notably, she used his oft-stated face-to-face compliancy to the relation operative debequest to crowd together by means of the electric arc of the commie society of India government in the state of Kerala, over his own objections. [21] Nehru began to be a great deal untune by her unmercifulness and disuse for parliamentary tradition, and was â€Å" digest” by what he saw as an self-assertiveness with no purpose other(a) than to interest group out an individuality free-lance of her father. [4]Although the Pancha Sila (Five Principles of nonviolent Coexistence) was the rump of the 1954 Sino-Indian smother treaty, in by and by geezerhood, Nehrus orthogonal policy suffered through change magnitude Chinese assertiveness over set up dispute s and Nehrus finale to kick in political asylum to the fourteenth Dalai Lama. after years of failed negotiations, Nehru countenance the Indian legions to lodge in Goa in 1961, and then he annexed it to India. It increase his everydayity, barely he was criticized the use of legions force. In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the relation back to advantage yet with a squandered majority.Opposition parties ranging from the right hand Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra society, collectivistics and the communist companionship of India performed well. cosmos backwash of Nehrus body, which lies in state, in 1964; the hitman carriage used for his state funeral was after used for the state funeral of engender TeresaSince 1959, and this intensify in 1961, Nehru take the â€Å" frontwards indemnity” of orbit up forces outposts in repugn areas of the Sino-Indian border, including in 43 outposts in dirt not antecedently controlled by India. 22] China attacked some of these outposts, and thus the Sino-Indian War began, which India technically lost, but China gained no dirt as it withdrew to pre-war lines. The war capable the weaknesses of Indias military, and Nehru was wide criticised for his governments substandard financial aid to defense team. In response, Nehru pillaged the defence pastor Krishna Menon and want U. S. military aid, but Nehrus wellness began declining steadily, and he worn-out(a) months recuperating in Kashmir through 1963.Some historians judge this prominent decline to his strike and abasement over the Sino-Indian War, which he perceived as a treachery of trust. [23] Upon his fall in from Kashmir in may 1964, Nehru suffered a calamity and afterwards a heart attack. He died in the early hours of 27 whitethorn 1964. Nehru was cremated in harmony with Hindoo rites at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River, witnessed by hundreds of thousands of mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds. [edit] legacy Nehrus statue in Aldwych, London.As Indias first prepare minister and external affairs minister, Jawaharlal Nehru contend a major role in establishment raw Indias government and political market-gardening along with goodish foreign policy. He is praised for creating a system providing planetary special training, make children in the far corners of countryfied India. Nehrus education policy is as well as ascribe for the study of initiative educational institutions such as the completely India Institute of checkup Sciences,[24] Indian Institutes of Technology,[25] and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru was a great man… Nehru gave to Indians an cypher of themselves that I dont hazard others mightiness have succeeded in doing. ” †Sir Isaiah Berlin[26] In addition, Nehrus perspective as an unceasing jingoistic led him to as well enforce policies which accentuate commonness among Indians while tranqui llize appreciating regional diversities. This proved oddly primal as post-Independence differences surfaced since British backdown from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders to no drawn-out stir to one other as consort against a common adversary.While differences of culture and, particularly, spoken language threaten the unity of the new nation, Nehru open programs such as the topic earmark practice and the subject literary academy which promoted the adaptation of regional literatures surrounded by languages and withal form the carry-over of materials betwixt regions. In search of a single, incorporated India, Nehru warned, â€Å" comprise or perish. â€Å"[27] [edit] commemoration Nehru reach out sweets to children in Nongpoh Jawaharlal Nehru on a 1989 USSR commemorating stamp.In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic precondition in India and was wide prise crosswise the world for his idealism and statesmanship. His birthday, 14 Novem ber, is observe in India as Baal Divas (Childrens Day) in citation of his womb-to-tomb furor and work for the welfare, education and development of children and young people. Children crosswise India retrieve him as Chacha Nehru (Uncle Nehru). Nehru corpse a popular image of the telling caller which often celebrates his memory. recounting leaders and activists often simulate his course of clothing, especially the Gandhi cap, and his mannerisms. Nehrus ideals and policies continue to shape the recounting political partys manifesto and core political philosophy. An randy addition to his legacy was slavish in the rise of his daughter Indira to leadership of the Congress Party and the national government. galore(postnominal) documentaries about Nehrus life have been produced. He has overly been envisioned in fictionalised takes.The ratified mathematical operation is credibly that of Roshan Seth, who contend him three measure: in Richard Attenboroughs 1982 delin eation Gandhi, Shyam Benegals 1988 telly series Bharat Ek Khoj, base on Nehrus The breakthrough of India, and in a 2007 TV spud authorise The become years of the Raj. [28] In Ketan Mehtas film Sardar, Nehru was depicted by gum benjamin Gilani. Nehrus ad hominem taste sensation for the sherwani ensured that it continues to be considered formal fail in matrimony India at present; diversion from bestow his name to a kind of cap, the Nehru crown is named in his prise delinquent to his preference for that style.Numerous public institutions and memorials across India are commit to Nehrus memory. The Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi is among the close reputable universities in India. The Jawaharlal Nehru air pricy the city of Mumbai is a innovational port and bobfloat knowing to handle a Brobdingnagian load and traffic load. Nehrus star sign in Delhi is bear on as the Nehru narrative Museum and Library. The Nehru family homes at Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan are also maintain to check Nehru and his familys legacy. edit] belles-lettres Nehru was a rich source in face and wrote a number of books, such as The breakthrough of India, Glimpses of military man History, and his autobiography, Towards Freedom. [edit] Awards In 1955 Nehru was awarded with Bharat Ratna, Indias highest civil honour. [29] [edit] disapproval D. D. Kosambi, a well- cognize bolshie historian, criticized Nehru in his oblige for the middle class class ontogeny of Nehrus left ideology. [30]Jaswant Singh, a agent leader of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), viewed Nehru, not Mohammad Ali Jinnah, as cause the pickter of India, largely referring to his highly centralise policies for an self-directed India in 1947, which Jinnah distant in favour of a more deconcentrate India. The split betwixt the twain was among the causes of section. It is believed that personal choler betwixt the twain leaders led to the partition of India. [31][32] Singh was later expelled from the BJP for having plausive views on Jinnah. [\r\nJawaharlal Nehru\r\nJawaharlal Nehru (Hindi/Kashmiri: ???????? ????? , pronounced [d??? a??? r? la? l ? ne?? ru? ]; 14 November 1889â€27 May 1964[4]) was an Indian statesman who was the first (and to date the longest-serving) prime minister of India, from 1947 until 1964. One of the leading figures in the Indian independence movement, Nehru was elected by the Congress Party to assume office as independent Indias first Prime Minister, and re-elected when the Congress Party won Indias first general election in 1952.As one of the founders of the Non-aligned Movement, he was also an important figure in the international politics of the post-war era. He is frequently referred to as Pandit Nehru (â€Å"pandit” being a Sanskrit and Hindi honorific meaning â€Å"scholar” or â€Å"teacher”) and, specifically in India, as Panditji (with â€Å"-ji” being a honorific suffix). The son of a wea lthy Indian barrister and politician, Motilal Nehru, Nehru became a leader of the left wing of the Congress Party when still fairly young.Rising to become Congress President, under the mentorship of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was a charismatic and radical leader, advocating complete independence from the British Empire. In the long struggle for Indian independence, in which he was a key player, Nehru was eventually recognized as Gandhis political heir. throughout his life, Nehru was also an advocate for Fabian socialism and the public sector as the means by which long-standing challenges of economic development could be addressed by poorer nations. Jawaharlal Nehru was born to Motilal Nehru (1861â€1931) and Swaroop Rani (1863â€1954) in a Kashmiri Pandit family.The Nehru family †Motilal Nehru is seated in the center, and standing (L to R) are Jawaharlal Nehru, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Krishna Hutheesing, Indira Gandhi, and Ranjit Pandit; Seated: Swaroop Rani, Motilal Nehru and Kam ala Nehru (circa 1927). Nehru was educated in India and Britain. In England, he attended the independent boys school, Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. Jawaharlal Nehru at Harrow, where he was also cognize as Joe Nehru. During his time in Britain, Nehru was also known as Joe Nehru. [5][6][7][8][9][10] On 8 February, 1916, Nehru married seventeen year old Kamala Kaul. In the irst year of the marriage, Kamala gave birth to their only child, Indira Priyadarshini. [edit] Life and career Nehru raised the flag of independent India in New Delhi on 15 August 1947, the day India gained Independence.Nehrus appreciation of the virtues of parliamentary democracy, secularism and liberalism, mate with his concerns for the poor and underprivileged, are recognised to have guided him in formulating socialist policies that influence India to this day. They also reflect the socialist origins of his worldview. His daughter, Indira Gandhi, and grandson, Rajiv Gandhi, also served as Prime Minister s of India. edit] Successor to Gandhi On 15 January 1941 Gandhi said, â€Å"Some say Pandit Nehru and I were estranged. It will require much more than difference of opinion to estrange us. We had differences from the time we became co-workers and yet I have said for some years and say so now that not Rajaji but Jawaharlal will be my successor. â€Å"[11] [edit] Indias first Prime Minister Teen Murti Bhavan, Nehrus residence as Prime Minister, now a museum in his memory. Nehru and his colleagues had been released as the British Cabinet Mission arrived to propose plans for transfer of power.Once elected, Nehru headed an interim government, which was afflicted by outbreaks of communal violence and political disorder, and the opposition of the Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a separate Muslim state of Pakistan. After failed bids to form coalitions, Nehru reluctantly supported the partition of India, according to a plan released by the British on 3 June 194 7. He took office as the Prime Minister of India on 15 August, and delivered his inaugural address titled â€Å"A Tryst With Destiny” â€Å"Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes hen we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity. â€Å"[12] However, this period was marked with intense communal violence.This violence swept across the Punjab region, Delhi, Bengal and other parts of India. Nehru conducted joint tours[citation needed] with Pakistani leaders to encourage peace and calm angry an d disillusioned refugees. Nehru would work with Maulana Azad and other Muslim leaders to safeguard and encourage Muslims to remain in India. The violence of the time deeply affected Nehru, who called for a ceasefire[citation needed] and UN intervention to stop the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Fearing communal reprisals, Nehru also hesitated in supporting the annexation of Hyderabad State.In the years following independence, Nehru frequently turned to his daughter Indira to look after him and manage his personal affairs. Under his leadership, the Congress won an overwhelming majority in the elections of 1952. Indira moved into Nehrus official residence to attend to him and became his constant companion in his travels across India and the world. Indira would virtually become Nehrus chief of staff. Nehrus study in Teen Murti Bhavan. [edit] Economic policies Nehru presided over the introduction of a modified, Indian version of state planning and control over the economy.Creating the Plan ning commission of India, Nehru drew up the first Five-Year Plan in 1951, which charted the governments investments in industries and agriculture. Increasing business and income taxes, Nehru envisaged a mixed economy in which the government would manage strategic industries such as mining, electricity and heavy industries, serving public interest and a check to private enterprise. Nehru pursued land redistribution and launched programmes to build irrigation canals, dams and spread the use of fertilizers to increase agricultural roduction. He also pioneered a series of biotic community development programs aimed at spreading diverse cottage industries and increasing efficiency into rural India. While encouraging the construction of large dams (which Nehru called the â€Å"new temples of India”), irrigation works and the generation of hydroelectricity, Nehru also launched Indias programme to harness nuclear energy. For most of Nehrus term as prime minister, India would continu e to face serious food shortages despite progress and increases in agricultural production.Nehrus industrial policies, summarised in the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, encouraged the growth of diverse manufacturing and heavy industries,[13] yet state planning, controls and regulations began to impair productivity, quality and profitability. Although the Indian economy enjoyed a steady rate of growth, called Hindu rate of growth at 2. 5% per annum, chronic unemployment amidst widespread poverty keep to plague the population. [edit] Education and social reform Jawaharlal Nehru was a passionate advocate of education for Indias children and youth, believing it essential for Indias future progress.His government oversaw the establishment of many institutions of higher learning, including the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru also outlined a commitment in his five-year plans to guarantee free and compulsory primary education to all of Indias children. For this purpose, Nehru oversaw the creation of mass village enrollment programmes and the construction of thousands of schools. Nehru also launched initiatives such as the provision of free milk and meals to children in order to fight malnutrition.Adult education centres, vocational and technical schools were also organised for adults, especially in the rural areas. Under Nehru, the Indian Parliament enacted many changes to Hindu law to criminalize caste discrimination and increase the legal rights and social freedoms of women[14][15][16] [17] A system of reservations in government services and educational institutions was created to eradicate the social inequalities and disadvantages faced by peoples of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Nehru also championed secularism and religious harmony, increasing the representation of minorities in government. edit] National security and foreign policy See also: Role of In dia in Non-Aligned Movement Nehru led newly independent India from 1947 to 1964, during its first years of freedom from British rule. Both the United States and the Soviet Union competed to make India an ally throughout the Cold War. On the international scene, Nehru was a champion of pacifism and a strong supporter of the United Nations. He pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement of nations professing neutrality between the rival blocs of nations led by the U. S. and the U. S.S. R. Recognising the Peoples Republic of China soon after its founding (while most of the Western bloc continued relations with the Republic of China), Nehru argued for its inclusion in the United Nations and refused to brand the Chinese as the aggressors in their conflict with Korea. [18] He sought to establish warm and friendly relations with China in 1950, and hoped to act as an intermediary to bridge the gulf and tensions between the communist states and the Western b loc. Meanwhile, Nehru had promised in 1948 to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir under the auspices of the U.N. but, as Pakistan failed to pull back troops in accordance with the UN resolution and as Nehru grew increasingly wary of the U. N. , he declined to hold a plebiscite in 1953. He ordered the arrest of the Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah, whom he had previously supported but now suspected of harbouring separatist ambitions; Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad replaced him. His policy of pacifism and appeasement with respect to China also came unraveled when border disputes led to the Sino-Indian war in 1962.Jawaharlal Nehru (right) talks to Pakistan prime minister Muhammad Ali Bogra (left) during his 1953 visit to Karachi. Nehru was hailed by many for working to defuse global tensions and the threat of nuclear weapons. [19] He commissioned the first study of the human effects of nuclear explosions, and campaigned ceaselessly for the abolition of what he called â€Å"these frightful engines of destruction. ” He also had pragmatic reasons for promoting de-nuclearisation, fearing that a nuclear arms race would lead to over-militarisation that would be unaffordable for developing countries such as his own. 20] In 1956 he had criticised the joint invasion of the Suez Canal by the British, French and Israelis. Suspicion and distrust cooled relations between India and the U. S. , which suspected Nehru of tacitly supporting the Soviet Union. Accepting the arbitration of the UK and World Bank, Nehru signed the Indus Water Treaty in 1960 with Pakistani ruler Ayub Khan to resolve long-standing disputes about sharing the resources of the major rivers of the Punjab region. [edit] Final years Nehru with Ashoke Kumar Sen, S.Radhakrishnan and Bidhan Chandra RoyNehru had led the Congress to a major victory in the 1957 elections, but his government was facing rising problems and criticism. Disillusioned by intra-party corruption and bickering, Nehru contemplated resigning but co ntinued to serve. The election of his daughter Indira as Congress President in 1959 unrestrained criticism for alleged nepotism[citation needed], although actually Nehru had disapproved of her election, partly because he considered it smacked of â€Å"dynastism”; he said, indeed it was â€Å"wholly undemocratic and an undesirable thing”, and refused her a position in his cabinet. 21] Indira herself was at loggerheads with her father over policy; most notably, she used his oft-stated personal deference to the Congress Working Committee to push through the dismissal of the Communist Party of India government in the state of Kerala, over his own objections. [21] Nehru began to be frequently embarrassed by her ruthlessness and disregard for parliamentary tradition, and was â€Å"hurt” by what he saw as an assertiveness with no purpose other than to stake out an identity independent of her father. [4]Although the Pancha Sila (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) was the basis of the 1954 Sino-Indian border treaty, in later years, Nehrus foreign policy suffered through increasing Chinese assertiveness over border disputes and Nehrus decision to grant political asylum to the 14th Dalai Lama. After years of failed negotiations, Nehru authorized the Indian Army to invade Goa in 1961, and then he annexed it to India. It increased his popularity, but he was criticized the use of military force. In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the Congress to victory yet with a diminished majority.Opposition parties ranging from the right-wing Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party, socialists and the Communist Party of India performed well. Public viewing of Nehrus body, which lies in state, in 1964; the gun carriage used for his state funeral was later used for the state funeral of Mother TeresaSince 1959, and this accelerated in 1961, Nehru adopted the â€Å"Forward Policy” of setting up military outposts in disputed areas of the Sino-Indian border, including in 43 outposts in territory not previously controlled by India. 22] China attacked some of these outposts, and thus the Sino-Indian War began, which India technically lost, but China gained no territory as it withdrew to pre-war lines. The war exposed the weaknesses of Indias military, and Nehru was widely criticised for his governments insufficient attention to defence. In response, Nehru sacked the defence minister Krishna Menon and sought U. S. military aid, but Nehrus health began declining steadily, and he spent months recuperating in Kashmir through 1963.Some historians attribute this dramatic decline to his surprise and chagrin over the Sino-Indian War, which he perceived as a betrayal of trust. [23] Upon his return from Kashmir in May 1964, Nehru suffered a stroke and later a heart attack. He died in the early hours of 27 May 1964. Nehru was cremated in accordance with Hindu rites at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River, witnessed by hundreds of thousand s of mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds. [edit] Legacy Nehrus statue in Aldwych, London.As Indias first Prime minister and external affairs minister, Jawaharlal Nehru played a major role in shaping modern Indias government and political culture along with sound foreign policy. He is praised for creating a system providing universal primary education, reaching children in the farthest corners of rural India. Nehrus education policy is also credited for the development of world-class educational institutions such as the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,[24] Indian Institutes of Technology,[25] and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru was a great man… Nehru gave to Indians an image of themselves that I dont think others might have succeeded in doing. ” †Sir Isaiah Berlin[26] In addition, Nehrus stance as an unfailing nationalist led him to also implement policies which stressed commonality among Indians while still appreciating regional diversities. This proved particularly important as post-Independence differences surfaced since British withdrawal from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders to no longer relate to one another as allies against a common adversary.While differences of culture and, especially, language threatened the unity of the new nation, Nehru established programs such as the National Book Trust and the National Literary Academy which promoted the translation of regional literatures between languages and also organized the transfer of materials between regions. In pursuit of a single, unified India, Nehru warned, â€Å"Integrate or perish. â€Å"[27] [edit] Commemoration Nehru hands out sweets to children in Nongpoh Jawaharlal Nehru on a 1989 USSR commemorative stamp.In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic status in India and was widely admired across the world for his idealism and statesmanship. His birthday, 14 November, is celebrated in India as Baal Di vas (Childrens Day) in recognition of his lifelong passion and work for the welfare, education and development of children and young people. Children across India remember him as Chacha Nehru (Uncle Nehru). Nehru remains a popular symbol of the Congress Party which frequently celebrates his memory.Congress leaders and activists often emulate his style of clothing, especially the Gandhi cap, and his mannerisms. Nehrus ideals and policies continue to shape the Congress Partys manifesto and core political philosophy. An emotional attachment to his legacy was instrumental in the rise of his daughter Indira to leadership of the Congress Party and the national government. Many documentaries about Nehrus life have been produced. He has also been portrayed in fictionalised films.The canonical performance is probably that of Roshan Seth, who played him three times: in Richard Attenboroughs 1982 film Gandhi, Shyam Benegals 1988 television series Bharat Ek Khoj, based on Nehrus The Discovery o f India, and in a 2007 TV film entitled The Last Days of the Raj. [28] In Ketan Mehtas film Sardar, Nehru was portrayed by Benjamin Gilani. Nehrus personal preference for the sherwani ensured that it continues to be considered formal wear in North India today; aside from lending his name to a kind of cap, the Nehru jacket is named in his honour due to his preference for that style.Numerous public institutions and memorials across India are dedicated to Nehrus memory. The Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi is among the most prestigious universities in India. The Jawaharlal Nehru Port near the city of Mumbai is a modern port and dock designed to handle a huge cargo and traffic load. Nehrus residence in Delhi is preserved as the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. The Nehru family homes at Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan are also preserved to commemorate Nehru and his familys legacy. edit] Writings Nehru was a prolific writer in English and wrote a number of books, such as The Discover y of India, Glimpses of World History, and his autobiography, Towards Freedom. [edit] Awards In 1955 Nehru was awarded with Bharat Ratna, Indias highest civilian honour. [29] [edit] Criticism D. D. Kosambi, a known Marxist historian, criticized Nehru in his article for the bourgeoisie class exploitation of Nehrus socialist ideology. [30]Jaswant Singh, a former leader of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), viewed Nehru, not Mohammad Ali Jinnah, as causing the partition of India, mostly referring to his highly centralised policies for an independent India in 1947, which Jinnah opposed in favour of a more decentralised India. The split between the two was among the causes of partition. It is believed that personal animosity between the two leaders led to the partition of India. [31][32] Singh was later expelled from the BJP for having favourable views on Jinnah. [\r\nJawaharlal Nehru\r\nJawaharlal Nehru (Hindi/Kashmiri: ???????? ????? , pronounced [d??? a??? r? la? l ? ne?? ru? ]; 14 Novemb er 1889â€27 May 1964[4]) was an Indian statesman who was the first (and to date the longest-serving) prime minister of India, from 1947 until 1964. One of the leading figures in the Indian independence movement, Nehru was elected by the Congress Party to assume office as independent Indias first Prime Minister, and re-elected when the Congress Party won Indias first general election in 1952.As one of the founders of the Non-aligned Movement, he was also an important figure in the international politics of the post-war era. He is frequently referred to as Pandit Nehru (â€Å"pandit” being a Sanskrit and Hindi honorific meaning â€Å"scholar” or â€Å"teacher”) and, specifically in India, as Panditji (with â€Å"-ji” being a honorific suffix). The son of a wealthy Indian barrister and politician, Motilal Nehru, Nehru became a leader of the left wing of the Congress Party when still fairly young.Rising to become Congress President, under the mentorship of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was a charismatic and radical leader, advocating complete independence from the British Empire. In the long struggle for Indian independence, in which he was a key player, Nehru was eventually recognized as Gandhis political heir. Throughout his life, Nehru was also an advocate for Fabian socialism and the public sector as the means by which long-standing challenges of economic development could be addressed by poorer nations. Jawaharlal Nehru was born to Motilal Nehru (1861â€1931) and Swaroop Rani (1863â€1954) in a Kashmiri Pandit family.The Nehru family †Motilal Nehru is seated in the center, and standing (L to R) are Jawaharlal Nehru, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Krishna Hutheesing, Indira Gandhi, and Ranjit Pandit; Seated: Swaroop Rani, Motilal Nehru and Kamala Nehru (circa 1927). Nehru was educated in India and Britain. In England, he attended the independent boys school, Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. Jawaharlal Nehru at Harrow, where he was also known as Joe Nehru. During his time in Britain, Nehru was also known as Joe Nehru. [5][6][7][8][9][10] On 8 February, 1916, Nehru married seventeen year old Kamala Kaul. In the irst year of the marriage, Kamala gave birth to their only child, Indira Priyadarshini. [edit] Life and career Nehru raised the flag of independent India in New Delhi on 15 August 1947, the day India gained Independence.Nehrus appreciation of the virtues of parliamentary democracy, secularism and liberalism, coupled with his concerns for the poor and underprivileged, are recognised to have guided him in formulating socialist policies that influence India to this day. They also reflect the socialist origins of his worldview. His daughter, Indira Gandhi, and grandson, Rajiv Gandhi, also served as Prime Ministers of India. edit] Successor to Gandhi On 15 January 1941 Gandhi said, â€Å"Some say Pandit Nehru and I were estranged. It will require much more than difference of opinion to estrange us. We had di fferences from the time we became co-workers and yet I have said for some years and say so now that not Rajaji but Jawaharlal will be my successor. â€Å"[11] [edit] Indias first Prime Minister Teen Murti Bhavan, Nehrus residence as Prime Minister, now a museum in his memory. Nehru and his colleagues had been released as the British Cabinet Mission arrived to propose plans for transfer of power.Once elected, Nehru headed an interim government, which was impaired by outbreaks of communal violence and political disorder, and the opposition of the Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a separate Muslim state of Pakistan. After failed bids to form coalitions, Nehru reluctantly supported the partition of India, according to a plan released by the British on 3 June 1947. He took office as the Prime Minister of India on 15 August, and delivered his inaugural address titled â€Å"A Tryst With Destiny” â€Å"Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes hen we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity. â€Å"[12] However, this period was marked with intense communal violence.This violence swept across the Punjab region, Delhi, Bengal and other parts of India. Nehru conducted joint tours[citation needed] with Pakistani leaders to encourage peace and calm angry and disillusioned refugees. Nehru would work with Maulana Azad and other Muslim leaders to safeguard and encourage Muslims to remain in India. The violence of the time deeply affected Nehru, who called for a ceasefire[citation needed] and UN intervention to stop the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Fearing communal reprisals, Nehru also hesitated in supporting the annexation of Hyderabad State.In the years following independence, Nehru frequently turned to his daughter Indira to look after him and manage his personal affairs. Under his leadership, the Congress won an overwhelming majority in the elections of 1952. Indira moved into Nehrus official residence to attend to him and became his constant companion in his travels across India and the world. Indira would virtually become Nehrus chief of staff. Nehrus study in Teen Murti Bhavan. [edit] Economic policies Nehru presided over the introduction of a modified, Indian version of state planning and control over the economy.Creating the Planning commission of India, Nehru drew up the first Five-Year Plan in 1951, which charted the governments investments in industries and agriculture. Increasing business and income taxes, Nehru envisaged a mixed economy in which the government would manage strategic industries such as mining, electricity and heavy industries, serving public interest and a check to private enterprise. Nehru pursued land redistribution and launched programmes to build irrigation canals, dams and spread the use of fertilizers to increase agricultural roduction. He also pioneered a series of community development programs aimed at spreading diverse cottage industries and increasing efficiency into rural India. While encouraging the construction of large dams (which Nehru called the â€Å"new temples of India”), irrigation works and the generation of hydroelectricity, Nehru also launched Indias programme to harness nuclear energy. For most of Nehrus term as prime minister, India would continue to face serious food shortages despite progress and increases in agricultural production.Nehrus industrial policies, summarised in the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, encouraged the growth of diverse manufacturing and heavy industries,[13] yet state planning, controls and regulations began to impair productivity, quality and profitability. Although the Indian economy enjoyed a steady rate of growth, called Hindu rate of growth at 2. 5% per annum, chronic unemployment amidst widespread poverty continued to plague the population. [edit] Education and social reform Jawaharlal Nehru was a passionate advocate of education for Indias children and youth, believing it essential for Indias future progress.His government oversaw the establishment of many institutions of higher learning, including the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru also outlined a commitment in his five-year plans to guarantee free and compulsory primary education to all of Indias children. For this purpose, Nehru oversaw the creation of mass village enrollment programmes and the construction of thousands of schools. Nehru also lau nched initiatives such as the provision of free milk and meals to children in order to fight malnutrition.Adult education centres, vocational and technical schools were also organised for adults, especially in the rural areas. Under Nehru, the Indian Parliament enacted many changes to Hindu law to criminalize caste discrimination and increase the legal rights and social freedoms of women[14][15][16] [17] A system of reservations in government services and educational institutions was created to eradicate the social inequalities and disadvantages faced by peoples of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Nehru also championed secularism and religious harmony, increasing the representation of minorities in government. edit] National security and foreign policy See also: Role of India in Non-Aligned Movement Nehru led newly independent India from 1947 to 1964, during its first years of freedom from British rule. Both the United States and the Soviet Union competed to make India an ally throughout the Cold War. On the international scene, Nehru was a champion of pacifism and a strong supporter of the United Nations. He pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement of nations professing neutrality between the rival blocs of nations led by the U. S. and the U. S.S. R. Recognising the Peoples Republic of China soon after its founding (while most of the Western bloc continued relations with the Republic of China), Nehru argued for its inclusion in the United Nations and refused to brand the Chinese as the aggressors in their conflict with Korea. [18] He sought to establish warm and friendly relations with China in 1950, and hoped to act as an intermediary to bridge the gulf and tensions between the communist states and the Western bloc. Meanwhile, Nehru had promised in 1948 to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir under the auspices of the U.N. but, as Pakistan failed to pull back troops in accordance with the UN resolution and as Nehru grew increasingly wary of the U. N. , he declined to hold a plebiscite in 1953. He ordered the arrest of the Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah, whom he had previously supported but now suspected of harbouring separatist ambitions; Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad replaced him. His policy of pacifism and appeasement with respect to China also came unraveled when border disputes led to the Sino-Indian war in 1962.Jawaharlal Nehru (right) talks to Pakistan prime minister Muhammad Ali Bogra (left) during his 1953 visit to Karachi. Nehru was hailed by many for working to defuse global tensions and the threat of nuclear weapons. [19] He commissioned the first study of the human effects of nuclear explosions, and campaigned ceaselessly for the abolition of what he called â€Å"these frightful engines of destruction. ” He also had pragmatic reasons for promoting de-nuclearisation, fearing that a nuclear arms race would lead to over-militarisation that would be unaffordable for developing countri es such as his own. 20] In 1956 he had criticised the joint invasion of the Suez Canal by the British, French and Israelis. Suspicion and distrust cooled relations between India and the U. S. , which suspected Nehru of tacitly supporting the Soviet Union. Accepting the arbitration of the UK and World Bank, Nehru signed the Indus Water Treaty in 1960 with Pakistani ruler Ayub Khan to resolve long-standing disputes about sharing the resources of the major rivers of the Punjab region. [edit] Final years Nehru with Ashoke Kumar Sen, S.Radhakrishnan and Bidhan Chandra RoyNehru had led the Congress to a major victory in the 1957 elections, but his government was facing rising problems and criticism. Disillusioned by intra-party corruption and bickering, Nehru contemplated resigning but continued to serve. The election of his daughter Indira as Congress President in 1959 aroused criticism for alleged nepotism[citation needed], although actually Nehru had disapproved of her election, partly because he considered it smacked of â€Å"dynastism”; he said, indeed it was â€Å"wholly undemocratic and an undesirable thing”, and refused her a position in his cabinet. 21] Indira herself was at loggerheads with her father over policy; most notably, she used his oft-stated personal deference to the Congress Working Committee to push through the dismissal of the Communist Party of India government in the state of Kerala, over his own objections. [21] Nehru began to be frequently embarrassed by her ruthlessness and disregard for parliamentary tradition, and was â€Å"hurt” by what he saw as an assertiveness with no purpose other than to stake out an identity independent of her father. [4]Although the Pancha Sila (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) was the basis of the 1954 Sino-Indian border treaty, in later years, Nehrus foreign policy suffered through increasing Chinese assertiveness over border disputes and Nehrus decision to grant political asylum t o the 14th Dalai Lama. After years of failed negotiations, Nehru authorized the Indian Army to invade Goa in 1961, and then he annexed it to India. It increased his popularity, but he was criticized the use of military force. In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the Congress to victory yet with a diminished majority.Opposition parties ranging from the right-wing Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party, socialists and the Communist Party of India performed well. Public viewing of Nehrus body, which lies in state, in 1964; the gun carriage used for his state funeral was later used for the state funeral of Mother TeresaSince 1959, and this accelerated in 1961, Nehru adopted the â€Å"Forward Policy” of setting up military outposts in disputed areas of the Sino-Indian border, including in 43 outposts in territory not previously controlled by India. 22] China attacked some of these outposts, and thus the Sino-Indian War began, which India technically lost, but China gained no territo ry as it withdrew to pre-war lines. The war exposed the weaknesses of Indias military, and Nehru was widely criticised for his governments insufficient attention to defence. In response, Nehru sacked the defence minister Krishna Menon and sought U. S. military aid, but Nehrus health began declining steadily, and he spent months recuperating in Kashmir through 1963.Some historians attribute this dramatic decline to his surprise and chagrin over the Sino-Indian War, which he perceived as a betrayal of trust. [23] Upon his return from Kashmir in May 1964, Nehru suffered a stroke and later a heart attack. He died in the early hours of 27 May 1964. Nehru was cremated in accordance with Hindu rites at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River, witnessed by hundreds of thousands of mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds. [edit] Legacy Nehrus statue in Aldwych, London.As Indias first Prime minister and external affairs minister, Jawaharlal Nehru p layed a major role in shaping modern Indias government and political culture along with sound foreign policy. He is praised for creating a system providing universal primary education, reaching children in the farthest corners of rural India. Nehrus education policy is also credited for the development of world-class educational institutions such as the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,[24] Indian Institutes of Technology,[25] and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru was a great man… Nehru gave to Indians an image of themselves that I dont think others might have succeeded in doing. ” †Sir Isaiah Berlin[26] In addition, Nehrus stance as an unfailing nationalist led him to also implement policies which stressed commonality among Indians while still appreciating regional diversities. This proved particularly important as post-Independence differences surfaced since British withdrawal from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders to no longer relate to o ne another as allies against a common adversary.While differences of culture and, especially, language threatened the unity of the new nation, Nehru established programs such as the National Book Trust and the National Literary Academy which promoted the translation of regional literatures between languages and also organized the transfer of materials between regions. In pursuit of a single, unified India, Nehru warned, â€Å"Integrate or perish. â€Å"[27] [edit] Commemoration Nehru hands out sweets to children in Nongpoh Jawaharlal Nehru on a 1989 USSR commemorative stamp.In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic status in India and was widely admired across the world for his idealism and statesmanship. His birthday, 14 November, is celebrated in India as Baal Divas (Childrens Day) in recognition of his lifelong passion and work for the welfare, education and development of children and young people. Children across India remember him as Chacha Nehru (Uncle Nehru). Neh ru remains a popular symbol of the Congress Party which frequently celebrates his memory.Congress leaders and activists often emulate his style of clothing, especially the Gandhi cap, and his mannerisms. Nehrus ideals and policies continue to shape the Congress Partys manifesto and core political philosophy. An emotional attachment to his legacy was instrumental in the rise of his daughter Indira to leadership of the Congress Party and the national government. Many documentaries about Nehrus life have been produced. He has also been portrayed in fictionalised films.The canonical performance is probably that of Roshan Seth, who played him three times: in Richard Attenboroughs 1982 film Gandhi, Shyam Benegals 1988 television series Bharat Ek Khoj, based on Nehrus The Discovery of India, and in a 2007 TV film entitled The Last Days of the Raj. [28] In Ketan Mehtas film Sardar, Nehru was portrayed by Benjamin Gilani. Nehrus personal preference for the sherwani ensured that it continues to be considered formal wear in North India today; aside from lending his name to a kind of cap, the Nehru jacket is named in his honour due to his preference for that style.Numerous public institutions and memorials across India are dedicated to Nehrus memory. The Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi is among the most prestigious universities in India. The Jawaharlal Nehru Port near the city of Mumbai is a modern port and dock designed to handle a huge cargo and traffic load. Nehrus residence in Delhi is preserved as the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. The Nehru family homes at Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan are also preserved to commemorate Nehru and his familys legacy. edit] Writings Nehru was a prolific writer in English and wrote a number of books, such as The Discovery of India, Glimpses of World History, and his autobiography, Towards Freedom. [edit] Awards In 1955 Nehru was awarded with Bharat Ratna, Indias highest civilian honour. [29] [edit] Criticism D. D. Kosambi, a w ell-known Marxist historian, criticized Nehru in his article for the bourgeoisie class exploitation of Nehrus socialist ideology. [30]Jaswant Singh, a former leader of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), viewed Nehru, not Mohammad Ali Jinnah, as causing the partition of India, mostly referring to his highly centralised policies for an independent India in 1947, which Jinnah opposed in favour of a more decentralised India. The split between the two was among the causes of partition. It is believed that personal animosity between the two leaders led to the partition of India. [31][32] Singh was later expelled from the BJP for having favourable views on Jinnah. [\r\n'