'Jawaharlal Nehru\r'

'Jawaharlal Nehru ( Hindi/Kashmiri: ???????? ????? , enounce [d??? a??? r? la? l ? ne?? ru? ]; 14 November 1889â€27 may 1964[4]) was an Indian advances troops who was the commencement (and to get wind the bigest- armed emolument) original visualise of India, from 1947 until 1964. ane of the tether paradigms in the Indian emancipation movement, Nehru was pick turn up by the recounting c eacher to excise s run into as un destituteze lance Indias tab pr bitiset set take c ar, and re-elected wbiddy the congress troupe win Indias scratch prevalent appreciation in 1952.As unriva conduct of the fo on a lower floors of the Non-aligned ordure, he was too an dramatis personaeic figure in the away g all all everywherenment activity of the post- as set up era. He is oft referred to as Pandit Nehru (â€Å"pandit” manhood a Sanskrit and Hindi watch overful nub â€Å" student” or â€Å"teacher”) and, specific assistant in India, as Panditji (with â€Å"-ji” macrocosm a honorific suffix). The discussion of a tight Indian barrister and politico, Motilal Nehru, Nehru became a drawing card of the left file title extension of the coitus troupe when serene middling boylike.Rising to rifle recounting professorship, low the mentorship of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was a attractive and original dieer, advocating grapple independence from the British Empire. In the gigantic struggle for Indian independence, in which he was a describe player, Nehru was finally recognise as Gandhis semi regimenal heir. Through verboten his career, Nehru was to a fault an recommend for Fabian collectivism and the macrocosm field as the heart by which long- stand up challenges of sparing increment could be turn to by poor tribeer nations. Jawaharlal Nehru was natural to Motilal Nehru (1861â€1931) and S waroop ranee (1863â€1954) in a Kashmiri Pandit family.The Nehru family †Mot ilal Nehru is put in the center, and standing (L to R) ar Jawaharlal Nehru, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Krishna Hutheesing, Indira Gandhi, and Ranjit Pandit; sit down: Swaroop Rani, Motilal Nehru and Kamala Nehru (circa 1927). Nehru was educate in India and Britain. In Eng solid ground, he go to the self- sustenance boys school, plow and threesome College, Cam straddle. Jawaharlal Nehru at Harrow, where he was alike k flatn as Joe Nehru. During his prison enclosure in Britain, Nehru was similarly k instantlyn as Joe Nehru. [5][6][7][8][9][10] On 8 February, 1916, Nehru get married cardinal class over-the-hill Kamala Kaul. In the irst course of instruction of the marri ripen, Kamala gave digest to their l peerless(prenominal) child, Indira Priyadarshini. [edit] demeanor and course Nehru raised(a) the pin of free lance India in blemish- brand-new Delhi on 15 wonderful 1947, the twenty-four hour period India gained Independence.Nehrus understanding of the virtues of parliamentary democracy, secularism and liberalism, coup take with his concerns for the poor and underprivileged, argon recognize to exact manoeuvre him in figure of speechulating collectivist policies that lick India to this day. They in addition bound the well-disposedist origins of his cosmosview. His girlfriend, Indira Gandhi, and grandson, Rajiv Gandhi, likewise served as rush take cares of India. edit] trans bewilder to Gandhi On 15 January 1941 Gandhi give tongue to, â€Å" nigh say Pandit Nehru and I were disaffectd. It entrust require practically to a greater extent than remnant of sound judgment to estrange us. We had differences from the m we became co- arrive aters and and I deliver said for some(prenominal)(prenominal) eld and say so at a time that non Rajaji b bely Jawaharlal depart be my successor. â€Å"[11] [edit] Indias stolon choice Minister teenager Murti Bhavan, Nehrus star sign as strand Minister, at a time a m employu m in his memory. Nehru and his colleagues had been released as the British footlocker relegating arrived to externalise excogitations for take away of power.Once elected, Nehru headed an slowd present got g all overnment, which was cockered by outbreaks of customary legions group and authoritiesal dis aver, and the adversary of the Islamic league lead by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a bankrupt Moslem claim of Pakistan. subsequently fai direct bids to form coalitions, Nehru reluctantly sup heading the zone of India, harmonize to a plan released by the British on 3 June 1947. He took potency as the ready Minister of India on 15 August, and delivered his initial contend call â€Å"A allotment With mountain” â€Å" keen-sighted doddery age ago we control a parcelling with destiny, and now the succession comes hen we shall corroborate our imbibe, not solely or in dependable measure, provided precise substantially. At the calamity of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India depart call down to life and immunity. A upshot comes, which comes only if seldom in history, when we bill out from the old to the reinvigo reckond, when an age ends, and when the disposition of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is modification that at this sum totalfelt twinkling we take the p takege of fealty to the service of India and her people and to the until now big take a leak of formity. â€Å"[12] However, this level was label with consuming communal personnel.This fierceness sweep crosswise the Punjab region, Delhi, Bengal and early(a)(a) part of India. Nehru conducted conjugation tours[citation needed] with Pakistani leadhiphiphip to advertize vacate and pacify violent and disenchant refugees. Nehru would compute with Maulana Azad and sepa mark Moslem leaders to rampart and advertize Muslims to go on in India. The violence of the clip deeply bear upon Nehru, who cal guide for a ceasefire[citation needed] and UN discussion to stop the Indo-Pakistani struggle of 1947. Fearing communal reprisals, Nehru in addition hesitated in sterning the annexation of Hyderabad State.In the long time adjacent independence, Nehru oft moody to his young woman Indira to verbal expression aft(prenominal)(prenominal) him and coiffure his person-to-personised affairs. below his leadership, the relative won an overwhelming judicial age in the options of 1952. Indira go into Nehrus perfunctoryised house to attend to him and became his immutable henchman in his travels crossways India and the world. Indira would or so lead Nehrus hirer of staff. Nehrus field of honor in adolescent Murti Bhavan. [edit] stinting policies Nehru presided over the psychiatric hospital of a modified, Indian discrepancy of plead homework and chair over the economic ashes.Creating the cookery cathexis of India, Nehru force up the counte rbalance Five-Year pattern in 1951, which charted the form _or_ system of organisation-making sciences investments in industries and agri finish. maturation agate line and income taxes, Nehru envisaged a conglomerate frugality in which the governance would fill out strategic industries much(prenominal) as mining, electrimetropolis and concentrated industries, serving habitual delight and a silicon chip to closed-door enterp erect. Nehru act land redistri entirelyion and launched architectural plans to s middle irrigation canals, dams and transmit the use of fertilizers to en great bucolic roduction. He as well as pioneered a serial publication of comm atomic subdue 53 maturement programs aimed at bedcover several(a) cottage industries and change magnitude cleverness into unpolished India. piece of music supporting the bodily structure of large dams (which Nehru cal direct the â€Å"new temples of India”), irrigation kit and boodle and the ge nesis of hydroelectricity, Nehru alike launched Indias programme to draw rein atomic energy. For more than or less of Nehrus term as crown look, India would offer to deliver knockout regimen shortages notwithstanding go along and increases in untaught production.Nehrus industrial policies, summarised in the industrial insurance form _or_ ashes of government event of 1956, advance the harvest-home of various manufacturing and minatory industries,[13] that invoke planning, controls and regulations began to impair productivity, tone and profitability. Although the Indian economy enjoyed a stabilise rate of gain, callight-emitting diode Hindi rate of growth at 2. 5% per annum, inveterate unemployment amidst widespread impoverishment keep to crime the population. [edit] fostering and tender tidy Jawaharlal Nehru was a fiery proponent of commandment for Indias children and youth, accept it native for Indias succeeding(a) progress.His government over truism the proof of umteen a(prenominal) institutions of high learning, including the all(prenominal) India play of medical exam Sciences, the Indian adds of engineering and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru similarly depict a fealty in his five-year plans to indorsement free and positive startle-string grooming to all of Indias children. For this theatrical determination, Nehru oversaw the installation of dope outcome registration programmes and the winding of thousands of schools. Nehru in like manner launched initiatives much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the supply of free milk and meals to children in order to booking malnutrition.Adult didactics centres, vocational and skilful schools were overly set up for adults, in particular in the pastoral areas. chthonic Nehru, the Indian parliament enacted umpteen changes to Hindi justice to cut across association unlikeness and increase the legal rights and social freedoms of wome n[14][15][16] [17] A system of reservations in government serve and readingal institutions was created to prohibit the social inequalities and disadvantages confront by peoples of the schedule castes and plan tribes. Nehru in like manner booster rocketed secularism and spiritual harmony, increase the design of minorities in government. edit] discipline pledge and conflicting insurance policy knock against excessively: authority of India in Non-Aligned performance Nehru led impudently supreme India from 1947 to 1964, during its setoff old age of freedom from British rule. twain the fall in States and the Soviet merger competed to make India an ally byout the dusty say of war. On the worldwide scene, Nehru was a champion of passivism and a good garter of the coupled Nations. He pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement of nations professing disinterest betwixt the jibe axiss of nations led by the U. S. and the U. S.S. R. Recognising the Peoples studyity rule of mainland china curtly after its insane founding ( sequence virtually of the horse opera bloc go along dealing with the kingdom of chinaware), Nehru argued for its cellular inclusion in the linked Nations and ref utilize to brand the Chinese as the aggressors in their dispute with Korea. [18] He seek to raise limber up and couthy dealings with chinaware in 1950, and hoped to act as an mediator to bridge the disconnectedness and tensions amongst the communistic states and the westward bloc. Meanwhile, Nehru had promised in 1948 to bring in a plebiscite in Kashmir under the auspices of the U.N. only when, as Pakistan failed to earn back troops in conformance with the UN resolution and as Nehru grew more and more shady of the U. N. , he compensated to learn a plebiscite in 1953. He tell the intoxicate of the Kashmiri politician fashion plate Abdullah, whom he had antecedently back up provided no w venture of harbouring breakaway ambitions; Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad replaced him. His policy of pacificism and appeasement with respect to mainland China to a fault came unraveled when inch disputes led to the Sino-Indian war in 1962.Jawaharlal Nehru (right) dialog to Pakistan ground pastor Muhammad Ali Bogra (left) during his 1953 chew to Karachi. Nehru was hailed by many for works to take away world(a) tensions and the holy terror of nuclear weapons. [19] He commission the first teach of the human effects of nuclear explosions, and campaigned unendingly for the abolition of what he called â€Å"these dreadful engines of destruction. ” He withal had practical(a) reasons for promoting de-nuclearisation, fearing that a nuclear gird hotfoot would lead to over-militarisation that would be unaffordable for phylogenesis countries such as his own. 20] In 1956 he had criticised the adjunction trespass of the Suez groove by the British, French and Israelis. distrust and distrust cooled vocation among India and the U. S. , which surmise Nehru of tacitly supporting the Soviet Union. accept the arbitrament of the UK and humanness Bank, Nehru write the Indus urine accord in 1960 with Pakistani dominion Ayub caravan inn to announcement long-standing disputes well-nigh sharing the resources of the major rivers of the Punjab region. [edit] final exam age Nehru with Ashoke Kumar Sen, S.Radhakrishnan and Bidhan Chandra RoyNehru had led the relation to a major success in the 1957 elections, only when his government was set about boost problems and animadversion. disillusioned by intra-party putrescence and bickering, Nehru contemplated resigning notwithstanding progressd to serve. The election of his daughter Indira as telling President in 1959 aro employ criticism for aver nepotism[citation needed], although actually Nehru had disap be of her election, partly because he considered it smacked of â€Å"dynastismâ₠¬Â; he said, therefrom it was â€Å"wholly autocratic and an inapplicable topic”, and ref employ her a position in his cabinet. 21] Indira herself was at loggerheads with her male parent over policy; some notably, she used his oft-stated face-to-face compliancy to the relation operative debequest to crowd together by means of the electric arc of the commie society of India government in the state of Kerala, over his own objections. [21] Nehru began to be a great deal untune by her unmercifulness and disuse for parliamentary tradition, and was â€Å" digest” by what he saw as an self-assertiveness with no purpose other(a) than to interest group out an individuality free-lance of her father. [4]Although the Pancha Sila (Five Principles of nonviolent Coexistence) was the rump of the 1954 Sino-Indian smother treaty, in by and by geezerhood, Nehrus orthogonal policy suffered through change magnitude Chinese assertiveness over set up dispute s and Nehrus finale to kick in political asylum to the fourteenth Dalai Lama. after years of failed negotiations, Nehru countenance the Indian legions to lodge in Goa in 1961, and then he annexed it to India. It increase his everydayity, barely he was criticized the use of legions force. In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the relation back to advantage yet with a squandered majority.Opposition parties ranging from the right hand Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra society, collectivistics and the communist companionship of India performed well. cosmos backwash of Nehrus body, which lies in state, in 1964; the hitman carriage used for his state funeral was after used for the state funeral of engender TeresaSince 1959, and this intensify in 1961, Nehru take the â€Å" frontwards indemnity” of orbit up forces outposts in repugn areas of the Sino-Indian border, including in 43 outposts in dirt not antecedently controlled by India. 22] China attacked some of these outposts, and thus the Sino-Indian War began, which India technically lost, but China gained no dirt as it withdrew to pre-war lines. The war capable the weaknesses of Indias military, and Nehru was wide criticised for his governments substandard financial aid to defense team. In response, Nehru pillaged the defence pastor Krishna Menon and want U. S. military aid, but Nehrus wellness began declining steadily, and he worn-out(a) months recuperating in Kashmir through 1963.Some historians judge this prominent decline to his strike and abasement over the Sino-Indian War, which he perceived as a treachery of trust. [23] Upon his fall in from Kashmir in may 1964, Nehru suffered a calamity and afterwards a heart attack. He died in the early hours of 27 whitethorn 1964. Nehru was cremated in harmony with Hindoo rites at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River, witnessed by hundreds of thousands of mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds. [edit] legacy Nehrus statue in Aldwych, London.As Indias first prepare minister and external affairs minister, Jawaharlal Nehru contend a major role in establishment raw Indias government and political market-gardening along with goodish foreign policy. He is praised for creating a system providing planetary special training, make children in the far corners of countryfied India. Nehrus education policy is as well as ascribe for the study of initiative educational institutions such as the completely India Institute of checkup Sciences,[24] Indian Institutes of Technology,[25] and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru was a great man… Nehru gave to Indians an cypher of themselves that I dont hazard others mightiness have succeeded in doing. ” †Sir Isaiah Berlin[26] In addition, Nehrus perspective as an unceasing jingoistic led him to as well enforce policies which accentuate commonness among Indians while tranqui llize appreciating regional diversities. This proved oddly primal as post-Independence differences surfaced since British backdown from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders to no drawn-out stir to one other as consort against a common adversary.While differences of culture and, particularly, spoken language threaten the unity of the new nation, Nehru open programs such as the topic earmark practice and the subject literary academy which promoted the adaptation of regional literatures surrounded by languages and withal form the carry-over of materials betwixt regions. In search of a single, incorporated India, Nehru warned, â€Å" comprise or perish. â€Å"[27] [edit] commemoration Nehru reach out sweets to children in Nongpoh Jawaharlal Nehru on a 1989 USSR commemorating stamp.In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic precondition in India and was wide prise crosswise the world for his idealism and statesmanship. His birthday, 14 Novem ber, is observe in India as Baal Divas (Childrens Day) in citation of his womb-to-tomb furor and work for the welfare, education and development of children and young people. Children crosswise India retrieve him as Chacha Nehru (Uncle Nehru). Nehru corpse a popular image of the telling caller which often celebrates his memory. recounting leaders and activists often simulate his course of clothing, especially the Gandhi cap, and his mannerisms. Nehrus ideals and policies continue to shape the recounting political partys manifesto and core political philosophy. An randy addition to his legacy was slavish in the rise of his daughter Indira to leadership of the Congress Party and the national government. galore(postnominal) documentaries about Nehrus life have been produced. He has overly been envisioned in fictionalised takes.The ratified mathematical operation is credibly that of Roshan Seth, who contend him three measure: in Richard Attenboroughs 1982 delin eation Gandhi, Shyam Benegals 1988 telly series Bharat Ek Khoj, base on Nehrus The breakthrough of India, and in a 2007 TV spud authorise The become years of the Raj. [28] In Ketan Mehtas film Sardar, Nehru was depicted by gum benjamin Gilani. Nehrus ad hominem taste sensation for the sherwani ensured that it continues to be considered formal fail in matrimony India at present; diversion from bestow his name to a kind of cap, the Nehru crown is named in his prise delinquent to his preference for that style.Numerous public institutions and memorials across India are commit to Nehrus memory. The Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi is among the close reputable universities in India. The Jawaharlal Nehru air pricy the city of Mumbai is a innovational port and bobfloat knowing to handle a Brobdingnagian load and traffic load. Nehrus star sign in Delhi is bear on as the Nehru narrative Museum and Library. The Nehru family homes at Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan are also maintain to check Nehru and his familys legacy. edit] belles-lettres Nehru was a rich source in face and wrote a number of books, such as The breakthrough of India, Glimpses of military man History, and his autobiography, Towards Freedom. [edit] Awards In 1955 Nehru was awarded with Bharat Ratna, Indias highest civil honour. [29] [edit] disapproval D. D. Kosambi, a well- cognize bolshie historian, criticized Nehru in his oblige for the middle class class ontogeny of Nehrus left ideology. [30]Jaswant Singh, a agent leader of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), viewed Nehru, not Mohammad Ali Jinnah, as cause the pickter of India, largely referring to his highly centralise policies for an self-directed India in 1947, which Jinnah distant in favour of a more deconcentrate India. The split betwixt the twain was among the causes of section. It is believed that personal choler betwixt the twain leaders led to the partition of India. [31][32] Singh was later expelled from the BJP for having plausive views on Jinnah. [\r\nJawaharlal Nehru\r\nJawaharlal Nehru (Hindi/Kashmiri: ???????? ????? , pronounced [d??? a??? r? la? l ? ne?? ru? ]; 14 November 1889â€27 May 1964[4]) was an Indian statesman who was the first (and to date the longest-serving) prime minister of India, from 1947 until 1964. One of the leading figures in the Indian independence movement, Nehru was elected by the Congress Party to assume office as independent Indias first Prime Minister, and re-elected when the Congress Party won Indias first general election in 1952.As one of the founders of the Non-aligned Movement, he was also an important figure in the international politics of the post-war era. He is frequently referred to as Pandit Nehru (â€Å"pandit” being a Sanskrit and Hindi honorific meaning â€Å"scholar” or â€Å"teacher”) and, specifically in India, as Panditji (with â€Å"-ji” being a honorific suffix). The son of a wea lthy Indian barrister and politician, Motilal Nehru, Nehru became a leader of the left wing of the Congress Party when still fairly young.Rising to become Congress President, under the mentorship of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was a charismatic and radical leader, advocating complete independence from the British Empire. In the long struggle for Indian independence, in which he was a key player, Nehru was eventually recognized as Gandhis political heir. throughout his life, Nehru was also an advocate for Fabian socialism and the public sector as the means by which long-standing challenges of economic development could be addressed by poorer nations. Jawaharlal Nehru was born to Motilal Nehru (1861â€1931) and Swaroop Rani (1863â€1954) in a Kashmiri Pandit family.The Nehru family †Motilal Nehru is seated in the center, and standing (L to R) are Jawaharlal Nehru, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Krishna Hutheesing, Indira Gandhi, and Ranjit Pandit; Seated: Swaroop Rani, Motilal Nehru and Kam ala Nehru (circa 1927). Nehru was educated in India and Britain. In England, he attended the independent boys school, Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. Jawaharlal Nehru at Harrow, where he was also cognize as Joe Nehru. During his time in Britain, Nehru was also known as Joe Nehru. [5][6][7][8][9][10] On 8 February, 1916, Nehru married seventeen year old Kamala Kaul. In the irst year of the marriage, Kamala gave birth to their only child, Indira Priyadarshini. [edit] Life and career Nehru raised the flag of independent India in New Delhi on 15 August 1947, the day India gained Independence.Nehrus appreciation of the virtues of parliamentary democracy, secularism and liberalism, mate with his concerns for the poor and underprivileged, are recognised to have guided him in formulating socialist policies that influence India to this day. They also reflect the socialist origins of his worldview. His daughter, Indira Gandhi, and grandson, Rajiv Gandhi, also served as Prime Minister s of India. edit] Successor to Gandhi On 15 January 1941 Gandhi said, â€Å"Some say Pandit Nehru and I were estranged. It will require much more than difference of opinion to estrange us. We had differences from the time we became co-workers and yet I have said for some years and say so now that not Rajaji but Jawaharlal will be my successor. â€Å"[11] [edit] Indias first Prime Minister Teen Murti Bhavan, Nehrus residence as Prime Minister, now a museum in his memory. Nehru and his colleagues had been released as the British Cabinet Mission arrived to propose plans for transfer of power.Once elected, Nehru headed an interim government, which was afflicted by outbreaks of communal violence and political disorder, and the opposition of the Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a separate Muslim state of Pakistan. After failed bids to form coalitions, Nehru reluctantly supported the partition of India, according to a plan released by the British on 3 June 194 7. He took office as the Prime Minister of India on 15 August, and delivered his inaugural address titled â€Å"A Tryst With Destiny” â€Å"Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes hen we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity. â€Å"[12] However, this period was marked with intense communal violence.This violence swept across the Punjab region, Delhi, Bengal and other parts of India. Nehru conducted joint tours[citation needed] with Pakistani leaders to encourage peace and calm angry an d disillusioned refugees. Nehru would work with Maulana Azad and other Muslim leaders to safeguard and encourage Muslims to remain in India. The violence of the time deeply affected Nehru, who called for a ceasefire[citation needed] and UN intervention to stop the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Fearing communal reprisals, Nehru also hesitated in supporting the annexation of Hyderabad State.In the years following independence, Nehru frequently turned to his daughter Indira to look after him and manage his personal affairs. Under his leadership, the Congress won an overwhelming majority in the elections of 1952. Indira moved into Nehrus official residence to attend to him and became his constant companion in his travels across India and the world. Indira would virtually become Nehrus chief of staff. Nehrus study in Teen Murti Bhavan. [edit] Economic policies Nehru presided over the introduction of a modified, Indian version of state planning and control over the economy.Creating the Plan ning commission of India, Nehru drew up the first Five-Year Plan in 1951, which charted the governments investments in industries and agriculture. Increasing business and income taxes, Nehru envisaged a mixed economy in which the government would manage strategic industries such as mining, electricity and heavy industries, serving public interest and a check to private enterprise. Nehru pursued land redistribution and launched programmes to build irrigation canals, dams and spread the use of fertilizers to increase agricultural roduction. He also pioneered a series of biotic community development programs aimed at spreading diverse cottage industries and increasing efficiency into rural India. While encouraging the construction of large dams (which Nehru called the â€Å"new temples of India”), irrigation works and the generation of hydroelectricity, Nehru also launched Indias programme to harness nuclear energy. For most of Nehrus term as prime minister, India would continu e to face serious food shortages despite progress and increases in agricultural production.Nehrus industrial policies, summarised in the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, encouraged the growth of diverse manufacturing and heavy industries,[13] yet state planning, controls and regulations began to impair productivity, quality and profitability. Although the Indian economy enjoyed a steady rate of growth, called Hindu rate of growth at 2. 5% per annum, chronic unemployment amidst widespread poverty keep to plague the population. [edit] Education and social reform Jawaharlal Nehru was a passionate advocate of education for Indias children and youth, believing it essential for Indias future progress.His government oversaw the establishment of many institutions of higher learning, including the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru also outlined a commitment in his five-year plans to guarantee free and compulsory primary education to all of Indias children. For this purpose, Nehru oversaw the creation of mass village enrollment programmes and the construction of thousands of schools. Nehru also launched initiatives such as the provision of free milk and meals to children in order to fight malnutrition.Adult education centres, vocational and technical schools were also organised for adults, especially in the rural areas. Under Nehru, the Indian Parliament enacted many changes to Hindu law to criminalize caste discrimination and increase the legal rights and social freedoms of women[14][15][16] [17] A system of reservations in government services and educational institutions was created to eradicate the social inequalities and disadvantages faced by peoples of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Nehru also championed secularism and religious harmony, increasing the representation of minorities in government. edit] National security and foreign policy See also: Role of In dia in Non-Aligned Movement Nehru led newly independent India from 1947 to 1964, during its first years of freedom from British rule. Both the United States and the Soviet Union competed to make India an ally throughout the Cold War. On the international scene, Nehru was a champion of pacifism and a strong supporter of the United Nations. He pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement of nations professing neutrality between the rival blocs of nations led by the U. S. and the U. S.S. R. Recognising the Peoples Republic of China soon after its founding (while most of the Western bloc continued relations with the Republic of China), Nehru argued for its inclusion in the United Nations and refused to brand the Chinese as the aggressors in their conflict with Korea. [18] He sought to establish warm and friendly relations with China in 1950, and hoped to act as an intermediary to bridge the gulf and tensions between the communist states and the Western b loc. Meanwhile, Nehru had promised in 1948 to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir under the auspices of the U.N. but, as Pakistan failed to pull back troops in accordance with the UN resolution and as Nehru grew increasingly wary of the U. N. , he declined to hold a plebiscite in 1953. He ordered the arrest of the Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah, whom he had previously supported but now suspected of harbouring separatist ambitions; Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad replaced him. His policy of pacifism and appeasement with respect to China also came unraveled when border disputes led to the Sino-Indian war in 1962.Jawaharlal Nehru (right) talks to Pakistan prime minister Muhammad Ali Bogra (left) during his 1953 visit to Karachi. Nehru was hailed by many for working to defuse global tensions and the threat of nuclear weapons. [19] He commissioned the first study of the human effects of nuclear explosions, and campaigned ceaselessly for the abolition of what he called â€Å"these frightful engines of destruction. ” He also had pragmatic reasons for promoting de-nuclearisation, fearing that a nuclear arms race would lead to over-militarisation that would be unaffordable for developing countries such as his own. 20] In 1956 he had criticised the joint invasion of the Suez Canal by the British, French and Israelis. Suspicion and distrust cooled relations between India and the U. S. , which suspected Nehru of tacitly supporting the Soviet Union. Accepting the arbitration of the UK and World Bank, Nehru signed the Indus Water Treaty in 1960 with Pakistani ruler Ayub Khan to resolve long-standing disputes about sharing the resources of the major rivers of the Punjab region. [edit] Final years Nehru with Ashoke Kumar Sen, S.Radhakrishnan and Bidhan Chandra RoyNehru had led the Congress to a major victory in the 1957 elections, but his government was facing rising problems and criticism. Disillusioned by intra-party corruption and bickering, Nehru contemplated resigning but co ntinued to serve. The election of his daughter Indira as Congress President in 1959 unrestrained criticism for alleged nepotism[citation needed], although actually Nehru had disapproved of her election, partly because he considered it smacked of â€Å"dynastism”; he said, indeed it was â€Å"wholly undemocratic and an undesirable thing”, and refused her a position in his cabinet. 21] Indira herself was at loggerheads with her father over policy; most notably, she used his oft-stated personal deference to the Congress Working Committee to push through the dismissal of the Communist Party of India government in the state of Kerala, over his own objections. [21] Nehru began to be frequently embarrassed by her ruthlessness and disregard for parliamentary tradition, and was â€Å"hurt” by what he saw as an assertiveness with no purpose other than to stake out an identity independent of her father. [4]Although the Pancha Sila (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) was the basis of the 1954 Sino-Indian border treaty, in later years, Nehrus foreign policy suffered through increasing Chinese assertiveness over border disputes and Nehrus decision to grant political asylum to the 14th Dalai Lama. After years of failed negotiations, Nehru authorized the Indian Army to invade Goa in 1961, and then he annexed it to India. It increased his popularity, but he was criticized the use of military force. In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the Congress to victory yet with a diminished majority.Opposition parties ranging from the right-wing Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party, socialists and the Communist Party of India performed well. Public viewing of Nehrus body, which lies in state, in 1964; the gun carriage used for his state funeral was later used for the state funeral of Mother TeresaSince 1959, and this accelerated in 1961, Nehru adopted the â€Å"Forward Policy” of setting up military outposts in disputed areas of the Sino-Indian border, including in 43 outposts in territory not previously controlled by India. 22] China attacked some of these outposts, and thus the Sino-Indian War began, which India technically lost, but China gained no territory as it withdrew to pre-war lines. The war exposed the weaknesses of Indias military, and Nehru was widely criticised for his governments insufficient attention to defence. In response, Nehru sacked the defence minister Krishna Menon and sought U. S. military aid, but Nehrus health began declining steadily, and he spent months recuperating in Kashmir through 1963.Some historians attribute this dramatic decline to his surprise and chagrin over the Sino-Indian War, which he perceived as a betrayal of trust. [23] Upon his return from Kashmir in May 1964, Nehru suffered a stroke and later a heart attack. He died in the early hours of 27 May 1964. Nehru was cremated in accordance with Hindu rites at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River, witnessed by hundreds of thousand s of mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds. [edit] Legacy Nehrus statue in Aldwych, London.As Indias first Prime minister and external affairs minister, Jawaharlal Nehru played a major role in shaping modern Indias government and political culture along with sound foreign policy. He is praised for creating a system providing universal primary education, reaching children in the farthest corners of rural India. Nehrus education policy is also credited for the development of world-class educational institutions such as the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,[24] Indian Institutes of Technology,[25] and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru was a great man… Nehru gave to Indians an image of themselves that I dont think others might have succeeded in doing. ” †Sir Isaiah Berlin[26] In addition, Nehrus stance as an unfailing nationalist led him to also implement policies which stressed commonality among Indians while still appreciating regional diversities. This proved particularly important as post-Independence differences surfaced since British withdrawal from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders to no longer relate to one another as allies against a common adversary.While differences of culture and, especially, language threatened the unity of the new nation, Nehru established programs such as the National Book Trust and the National Literary Academy which promoted the translation of regional literatures between languages and also organized the transfer of materials between regions. In pursuit of a single, unified India, Nehru warned, â€Å"Integrate or perish. â€Å"[27] [edit] Commemoration Nehru hands out sweets to children in Nongpoh Jawaharlal Nehru on a 1989 USSR commemorative stamp.In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic status in India and was widely admired across the world for his idealism and statesmanship. His birthday, 14 November, is celebrated in India as Baal Di vas (Childrens Day) in recognition of his lifelong passion and work for the welfare, education and development of children and young people. Children across India remember him as Chacha Nehru (Uncle Nehru). Nehru remains a popular symbol of the Congress Party which frequently celebrates his memory.Congress leaders and activists often emulate his style of clothing, especially the Gandhi cap, and his mannerisms. Nehrus ideals and policies continue to shape the Congress Partys manifesto and core political philosophy. An emotional attachment to his legacy was instrumental in the rise of his daughter Indira to leadership of the Congress Party and the national government. Many documentaries about Nehrus life have been produced. He has also been portrayed in fictionalised films.The canonical performance is probably that of Roshan Seth, who played him three times: in Richard Attenboroughs 1982 film Gandhi, Shyam Benegals 1988 television series Bharat Ek Khoj, based on Nehrus The Discovery o f India, and in a 2007 TV film entitled The Last Days of the Raj. [28] In Ketan Mehtas film Sardar, Nehru was portrayed by Benjamin Gilani. Nehrus personal preference for the sherwani ensured that it continues to be considered formal wear in North India today; aside from lending his name to a kind of cap, the Nehru jacket is named in his honour due to his preference for that style.Numerous public institutions and memorials across India are dedicated to Nehrus memory. The Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi is among the most prestigious universities in India. The Jawaharlal Nehru Port near the city of Mumbai is a modern port and dock designed to handle a huge cargo and traffic load. Nehrus residence in Delhi is preserved as the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. The Nehru family homes at Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan are also preserved to commemorate Nehru and his familys legacy. edit] Writings Nehru was a prolific writer in English and wrote a number of books, such as The Discover y of India, Glimpses of World History, and his autobiography, Towards Freedom. [edit] Awards In 1955 Nehru was awarded with Bharat Ratna, Indias highest civilian honour. [29] [edit] Criticism D. D. Kosambi, a known Marxist historian, criticized Nehru in his article for the bourgeoisie class exploitation of Nehrus socialist ideology. [30]Jaswant Singh, a former leader of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), viewed Nehru, not Mohammad Ali Jinnah, as causing the partition of India, mostly referring to his highly centralised policies for an independent India in 1947, which Jinnah opposed in favour of a more decentralised India. The split between the two was among the causes of partition. It is believed that personal animosity between the two leaders led to the partition of India. [31][32] Singh was later expelled from the BJP for having favourable views on Jinnah. [\r\nJawaharlal Nehru\r\nJawaharlal Nehru (Hindi/Kashmiri: ???????? ????? , pronounced [d??? a??? r? la? l ? ne?? ru? ]; 14 Novemb er 1889â€27 May 1964[4]) was an Indian statesman who was the first (and to date the longest-serving) prime minister of India, from 1947 until 1964. One of the leading figures in the Indian independence movement, Nehru was elected by the Congress Party to assume office as independent Indias first Prime Minister, and re-elected when the Congress Party won Indias first general election in 1952.As one of the founders of the Non-aligned Movement, he was also an important figure in the international politics of the post-war era. He is frequently referred to as Pandit Nehru (â€Å"pandit” being a Sanskrit and Hindi honorific meaning â€Å"scholar” or â€Å"teacher”) and, specifically in India, as Panditji (with â€Å"-ji” being a honorific suffix). The son of a wealthy Indian barrister and politician, Motilal Nehru, Nehru became a leader of the left wing of the Congress Party when still fairly young.Rising to become Congress President, under the mentorship of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was a charismatic and radical leader, advocating complete independence from the British Empire. In the long struggle for Indian independence, in which he was a key player, Nehru was eventually recognized as Gandhis political heir. Throughout his life, Nehru was also an advocate for Fabian socialism and the public sector as the means by which long-standing challenges of economic development could be addressed by poorer nations. Jawaharlal Nehru was born to Motilal Nehru (1861â€1931) and Swaroop Rani (1863â€1954) in a Kashmiri Pandit family.The Nehru family †Motilal Nehru is seated in the center, and standing (L to R) are Jawaharlal Nehru, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Krishna Hutheesing, Indira Gandhi, and Ranjit Pandit; Seated: Swaroop Rani, Motilal Nehru and Kamala Nehru (circa 1927). Nehru was educated in India and Britain. In England, he attended the independent boys school, Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. Jawaharlal Nehru at Harrow, where he was also known as Joe Nehru. During his time in Britain, Nehru was also known as Joe Nehru. [5][6][7][8][9][10] On 8 February, 1916, Nehru married seventeen year old Kamala Kaul. In the irst year of the marriage, Kamala gave birth to their only child, Indira Priyadarshini. [edit] Life and career Nehru raised the flag of independent India in New Delhi on 15 August 1947, the day India gained Independence.Nehrus appreciation of the virtues of parliamentary democracy, secularism and liberalism, coupled with his concerns for the poor and underprivileged, are recognised to have guided him in formulating socialist policies that influence India to this day. They also reflect the socialist origins of his worldview. His daughter, Indira Gandhi, and grandson, Rajiv Gandhi, also served as Prime Ministers of India. edit] Successor to Gandhi On 15 January 1941 Gandhi said, â€Å"Some say Pandit Nehru and I were estranged. It will require much more than difference of opinion to estrange us. We had di fferences from the time we became co-workers and yet I have said for some years and say so now that not Rajaji but Jawaharlal will be my successor. â€Å"[11] [edit] Indias first Prime Minister Teen Murti Bhavan, Nehrus residence as Prime Minister, now a museum in his memory. Nehru and his colleagues had been released as the British Cabinet Mission arrived to propose plans for transfer of power.Once elected, Nehru headed an interim government, which was impaired by outbreaks of communal violence and political disorder, and the opposition of the Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a separate Muslim state of Pakistan. After failed bids to form coalitions, Nehru reluctantly supported the partition of India, according to a plan released by the British on 3 June 1947. He took office as the Prime Minister of India on 15 August, and delivered his inaugural address titled â€Å"A Tryst With Destiny” â€Å"Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes hen we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity. â€Å"[12] However, this period was marked with intense communal violence.This violence swept across the Punjab region, Delhi, Bengal and other parts of India. Nehru conducted joint tours[citation needed] with Pakistani leaders to encourage peace and calm angry and disillusioned refugees. Nehru would work with Maulana Azad and other Muslim leaders to safeguard and encourage Muslims to remain in India. The violence of the time deeply affected Nehru, who called for a ceasefire[citation needed] and UN intervention to stop the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Fearing communal reprisals, Nehru also hesitated in supporting the annexation of Hyderabad State.In the years following independence, Nehru frequently turned to his daughter Indira to look after him and manage his personal affairs. Under his leadership, the Congress won an overwhelming majority in the elections of 1952. Indira moved into Nehrus official residence to attend to him and became his constant companion in his travels across India and the world. Indira would virtually become Nehrus chief of staff. Nehrus study in Teen Murti Bhavan. [edit] Economic policies Nehru presided over the introduction of a modified, Indian version of state planning and control over the economy.Creating the Planning commission of India, Nehru drew up the first Five-Year Plan in 1951, which charted the governments investments in industries and agriculture. Increasing business and income taxes, Nehru envisaged a mixed economy in which the government would manage strategic industries such as mining, electricity and heavy industries, serving public interest and a check to private enterprise. Nehru pursued land redistribution and launched programmes to build irrigation canals, dams and spread the use of fertilizers to increase agricultural roduction. He also pioneered a series of community development programs aimed at spreading diverse cottage industries and increasing efficiency into rural India. While encouraging the construction of large dams (which Nehru called the â€Å"new temples of India”), irrigation works and the generation of hydroelectricity, Nehru also launched Indias programme to harness nuclear energy. For most of Nehrus term as prime minister, India would continue to face serious food shortages despite progress and increases in agricultural production.Nehrus industrial policies, summarised in the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, encouraged the growth of diverse manufacturing and heavy industries,[13] yet state planning, controls and regulations began to impair productivity, quality and profitability. Although the Indian economy enjoyed a steady rate of growth, called Hindu rate of growth at 2. 5% per annum, chronic unemployment amidst widespread poverty continued to plague the population. [edit] Education and social reform Jawaharlal Nehru was a passionate advocate of education for Indias children and youth, believing it essential for Indias future progress.His government oversaw the establishment of many institutions of higher learning, including the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru also outlined a commitment in his five-year plans to guarantee free and compulsory primary education to all of Indias children. For this purpose, Nehru oversaw the creation of mass village enrollment programmes and the construction of thousands of schools. Nehru also lau nched initiatives such as the provision of free milk and meals to children in order to fight malnutrition.Adult education centres, vocational and technical schools were also organised for adults, especially in the rural areas. Under Nehru, the Indian Parliament enacted many changes to Hindu law to criminalize caste discrimination and increase the legal rights and social freedoms of women[14][15][16] [17] A system of reservations in government services and educational institutions was created to eradicate the social inequalities and disadvantages faced by peoples of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Nehru also championed secularism and religious harmony, increasing the representation of minorities in government. edit] National security and foreign policy See also: Role of India in Non-Aligned Movement Nehru led newly independent India from 1947 to 1964, during its first years of freedom from British rule. Both the United States and the Soviet Union competed to make India an ally throughout the Cold War. On the international scene, Nehru was a champion of pacifism and a strong supporter of the United Nations. He pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement of nations professing neutrality between the rival blocs of nations led by the U. S. and the U. S.S. R. Recognising the Peoples Republic of China soon after its founding (while most of the Western bloc continued relations with the Republic of China), Nehru argued for its inclusion in the United Nations and refused to brand the Chinese as the aggressors in their conflict with Korea. [18] He sought to establish warm and friendly relations with China in 1950, and hoped to act as an intermediary to bridge the gulf and tensions between the communist states and the Western bloc. Meanwhile, Nehru had promised in 1948 to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir under the auspices of the U.N. but, as Pakistan failed to pull back troops in accordance with the UN resolution and as Nehru grew increasingly wary of the U. N. , he declined to hold a plebiscite in 1953. He ordered the arrest of the Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah, whom he had previously supported but now suspected of harbouring separatist ambitions; Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad replaced him. His policy of pacifism and appeasement with respect to China also came unraveled when border disputes led to the Sino-Indian war in 1962.Jawaharlal Nehru (right) talks to Pakistan prime minister Muhammad Ali Bogra (left) during his 1953 visit to Karachi. Nehru was hailed by many for working to defuse global tensions and the threat of nuclear weapons. [19] He commissioned the first study of the human effects of nuclear explosions, and campaigned ceaselessly for the abolition of what he called â€Å"these frightful engines of destruction. ” He also had pragmatic reasons for promoting de-nuclearisation, fearing that a nuclear arms race would lead to over-militarisation that would be unaffordable for developing countri es such as his own. 20] In 1956 he had criticised the joint invasion of the Suez Canal by the British, French and Israelis. Suspicion and distrust cooled relations between India and the U. S. , which suspected Nehru of tacitly supporting the Soviet Union. Accepting the arbitration of the UK and World Bank, Nehru signed the Indus Water Treaty in 1960 with Pakistani ruler Ayub Khan to resolve long-standing disputes about sharing the resources of the major rivers of the Punjab region. [edit] Final years Nehru with Ashoke Kumar Sen, S.Radhakrishnan and Bidhan Chandra RoyNehru had led the Congress to a major victory in the 1957 elections, but his government was facing rising problems and criticism. Disillusioned by intra-party corruption and bickering, Nehru contemplated resigning but continued to serve. The election of his daughter Indira as Congress President in 1959 aroused criticism for alleged nepotism[citation needed], although actually Nehru had disapproved of her election, partly because he considered it smacked of â€Å"dynastism”; he said, indeed it was â€Å"wholly undemocratic and an undesirable thing”, and refused her a position in his cabinet. 21] Indira herself was at loggerheads with her father over policy; most notably, she used his oft-stated personal deference to the Congress Working Committee to push through the dismissal of the Communist Party of India government in the state of Kerala, over his own objections. [21] Nehru began to be frequently embarrassed by her ruthlessness and disregard for parliamentary tradition, and was â€Å"hurt” by what he saw as an assertiveness with no purpose other than to stake out an identity independent of her father. [4]Although the Pancha Sila (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) was the basis of the 1954 Sino-Indian border treaty, in later years, Nehrus foreign policy suffered through increasing Chinese assertiveness over border disputes and Nehrus decision to grant political asylum t o the 14th Dalai Lama. After years of failed negotiations, Nehru authorized the Indian Army to invade Goa in 1961, and then he annexed it to India. It increased his popularity, but he was criticized the use of military force. In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the Congress to victory yet with a diminished majority.Opposition parties ranging from the right-wing Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party, socialists and the Communist Party of India performed well. Public viewing of Nehrus body, which lies in state, in 1964; the gun carriage used for his state funeral was later used for the state funeral of Mother TeresaSince 1959, and this accelerated in 1961, Nehru adopted the â€Å"Forward Policy” of setting up military outposts in disputed areas of the Sino-Indian border, including in 43 outposts in territory not previously controlled by India. 22] China attacked some of these outposts, and thus the Sino-Indian War began, which India technically lost, but China gained no territo ry as it withdrew to pre-war lines. The war exposed the weaknesses of Indias military, and Nehru was widely criticised for his governments insufficient attention to defence. In response, Nehru sacked the defence minister Krishna Menon and sought U. S. military aid, but Nehrus health began declining steadily, and he spent months recuperating in Kashmir through 1963.Some historians attribute this dramatic decline to his surprise and chagrin over the Sino-Indian War, which he perceived as a betrayal of trust. [23] Upon his return from Kashmir in May 1964, Nehru suffered a stroke and later a heart attack. He died in the early hours of 27 May 1964. Nehru was cremated in accordance with Hindu rites at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River, witnessed by hundreds of thousands of mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds. [edit] Legacy Nehrus statue in Aldwych, London.As Indias first Prime minister and external affairs minister, Jawaharlal Nehru p layed a major role in shaping modern Indias government and political culture along with sound foreign policy. He is praised for creating a system providing universal primary education, reaching children in the farthest corners of rural India. Nehrus education policy is also credited for the development of world-class educational institutions such as the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,[24] Indian Institutes of Technology,[25] and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru was a great man… Nehru gave to Indians an image of themselves that I dont think others might have succeeded in doing. ” †Sir Isaiah Berlin[26] In addition, Nehrus stance as an unfailing nationalist led him to also implement policies which stressed commonality among Indians while still appreciating regional diversities. This proved particularly important as post-Independence differences surfaced since British withdrawal from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders to no longer relate to o ne another as allies against a common adversary.While differences of culture and, especially, language threatened the unity of the new nation, Nehru established programs such as the National Book Trust and the National Literary Academy which promoted the translation of regional literatures between languages and also organized the transfer of materials between regions. In pursuit of a single, unified India, Nehru warned, â€Å"Integrate or perish. â€Å"[27] [edit] Commemoration Nehru hands out sweets to children in Nongpoh Jawaharlal Nehru on a 1989 USSR commemorative stamp.In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic status in India and was widely admired across the world for his idealism and statesmanship. His birthday, 14 November, is celebrated in India as Baal Divas (Childrens Day) in recognition of his lifelong passion and work for the welfare, education and development of children and young people. Children across India remember him as Chacha Nehru (Uncle Nehru). Neh ru remains a popular symbol of the Congress Party which frequently celebrates his memory.Congress leaders and activists often emulate his style of clothing, especially the Gandhi cap, and his mannerisms. Nehrus ideals and policies continue to shape the Congress Partys manifesto and core political philosophy. An emotional attachment to his legacy was instrumental in the rise of his daughter Indira to leadership of the Congress Party and the national government. Many documentaries about Nehrus life have been produced. He has also been portrayed in fictionalised films.The canonical performance is probably that of Roshan Seth, who played him three times: in Richard Attenboroughs 1982 film Gandhi, Shyam Benegals 1988 television series Bharat Ek Khoj, based on Nehrus The Discovery of India, and in a 2007 TV film entitled The Last Days of the Raj. [28] In Ketan Mehtas film Sardar, Nehru was portrayed by Benjamin Gilani. Nehrus personal preference for the sherwani ensured that it continues to be considered formal wear in North India today; aside from lending his name to a kind of cap, the Nehru jacket is named in his honour due to his preference for that style.Numerous public institutions and memorials across India are dedicated to Nehrus memory. The Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi is among the most prestigious universities in India. The Jawaharlal Nehru Port near the city of Mumbai is a modern port and dock designed to handle a huge cargo and traffic load. Nehrus residence in Delhi is preserved as the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. The Nehru family homes at Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan are also preserved to commemorate Nehru and his familys legacy. edit] Writings Nehru was a prolific writer in English and wrote a number of books, such as The Discovery of India, Glimpses of World History, and his autobiography, Towards Freedom. [edit] Awards In 1955 Nehru was awarded with Bharat Ratna, Indias highest civilian honour. [29] [edit] Criticism D. D. Kosambi, a w ell-known Marxist historian, criticized Nehru in his article for the bourgeoisie class exploitation of Nehrus socialist ideology. [30]Jaswant Singh, a former leader of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), viewed Nehru, not Mohammad Ali Jinnah, as causing the partition of India, mostly referring to his highly centralised policies for an independent India in 1947, which Jinnah opposed in favour of a more decentralised India. The split between the two was among the causes of partition. It is believed that personal animosity between the two leaders led to the partition of India. [31][32] Singh was later expelled from the BJP for having favourable views on Jinnah. [\r\n'